XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 2699
Liao, Y., Rzehak, R., Lucas, D., &Krepper, E. (2015).
Baseline closure model for dispersed bubbly flow: Bubble
coalescence and breakup. Chemical Engineering Science,
122, 336–349. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.09.042.
Meng, J., Tabosa, E., Xie, W., Runge, K., Bradshaw, D., &
Manlapig, E. (2016). A review of turbulence measure-
ment techniques for flotation. Minerals Engineering,
95, 79–95. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
/article/pii/S0892687516301583.
Meng, J., Xie, W., Brennan, M., Runge, K., &Bradshaw, D.
(2014). Measuring turbulence in a flotation cell using
the piezoelectric sensor. Minerals Engineering, 66–68,
84–93. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S0892687514002052.
Nguyen, A., &Schulze, H. J. (2003). Colloidal Science of
Flotation. Taylor &Francis. https://books.google.de
/books?id=ELFH5WtoZX4C.
Nguyen, A. V, An-Vo, D.-A., Tran-Cong, T., &Evans, G.
M. (2016). A review of stochastic description of the
turbulence effect on bubble-particle interactions in flo-
tation. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 156,
75–86. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2016.05.002.
Schröder, A., &Willert, C. E. (2008). Particle image velocim-
etry: new developments and recent applications. https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108410173.
Schröder, M., Bätge, T., Bodenschatz, E., Wilczek, M., &
Bagheri, G. (2024). Estimating the turbulent kinetic
energy dissipation rate from one-dimensional velocity
measurements in time. Atmospheric Measurement.
Techniques, 17(2), 627–657. doi: 10.5194/amt-17-627
-2024.
Sommer, A.-E., Nikpay, M., Heitkam, S., Rudolph, M.,
&Eckert, K. (2018). A novel method for measuring
flotation recovery by means of 4D particle tracking
velocimetry. Minerals Engineering, 124, 116–122. doi:
10.1016/j.mineng.2018.05.006.
Sommer, A.-E., Rox, H., Shi, P., Eckert, K., &Rzehak, R.
(2021). Solid-liquid flow in stirred tanks: “CFD-grade”
experimental investigation. Chemical Engineering
Science, 245, 116743. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116743.
Tropea, C. (2010). Laser Doppler Velocimetry.
In Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. doi:
10.1002/9780470686652.eae073.
Wang, G., Yang, F., Wu, K., Ma, Y., Peng, C., Liu, T.,
&Wang, L.-P. (2021). Estimation of the dissipation
rate of turbulent kinetic energy: A review. Chemical
Engineering Science, 229, 116133. doi: 10.1016
/j.ces.2020.116133.
Wang, G., Zhou, S., Joshi, J. B., Jameson, G. J., &Evans, G.
M. (2014). An energy model on particle detachment in
the turbulent field. Minerals Engineering, 69, 165–169.
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.07.018.
Wills, B. A., &Finch, J. A. (2016). Chapter 12 -Froth
Flotation. In B. A. Wills &J. A. Finch (Eds.),
Wills’ Mineral Processing Technology (Eighth Edition)
(pp. 265–380). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:
10.1016/B978-0-08-097053-0.00012-1.
Worth, N. A., &Nickels, T. B. (2011). Time-resolved vol-
umetric measurement of fine-scale coherent structures
in turbulence. Physical Review E, 84(2), 25301. doi:
10.1103/PhysRevE.84.025301.
Wu, H., &Patterson, G. K. (1989). Laser-Doppler mea-
surements of turbulent-flow parameters in a stirred
mixer. Chemical Engineering Science, 44(10), 2207–
2221. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(89)85155-3.
Wu, H., Patterson, G. K., &Van Doorn, M. (1989).
Distribution of turbulence energy dissipation rates in
a Rushton turbine stirred mixer. Experiments in Fluids,
8(3–4), 153–160. doi: 10.1007/BF00195789

Previous Page Next Page

Extracted Text (may have errors)

XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 2699
Liao, Y., Rzehak, R., Lucas, D., &Krepper, E. (2015).
Baseline closure model for dispersed bubbly flow: Bubble
coalescence and breakup. Chemical Engineering Science,
122, 336–349. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.09.042.
Meng, J., Tabosa, E., Xie, W., Runge, K., Bradshaw, D., &
Manlapig, E. (2016). A review of turbulence measure-
ment techniques for flotation. Minerals Engineering,
95, 79–95. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
/article/pii/S0892687516301583.
Meng, J., Xie, W., Brennan, M., Runge, K., &Bradshaw, D.
(2014). Measuring turbulence in a flotation cell using
the piezoelectric sensor. Minerals Engineering, 66–68,
84–93. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S0892687514002052.
Nguyen, A., &Schulze, H. J. (2003). Colloidal Science of
Flotation. Taylor &Francis. https://books.google.de
/books?id=ELFH5WtoZX4C.
Nguyen, A. V, An-Vo, D.-A., Tran-Cong, T., &Evans, G.
M. (2016). A review of stochastic description of the
turbulence effect on bubble-particle interactions in flo-
tation. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 156,
75–86. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2016.05.002.
Schröder, A., &Willert, C. E. (2008). Particle image velocim-
etry: new developments and recent applications. https://
api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108410173.
Schröder, M., Bätge, T., Bodenschatz, E., Wilczek, M., &
Bagheri, G. (2024). Estimating the turbulent kinetic
energy dissipation rate from one-dimensional velocity
measurements in time. Atmospheric Measurement.
Techniques, 17(2), 627–657. doi: 10.5194/amt-17-627
-2024.
Sommer, A.-E., Nikpay, M., Heitkam, S., Rudolph, M.,
&Eckert, K. (2018). A novel method for measuring
flotation recovery by means of 4D particle tracking
velocimetry. Minerals Engineering, 124, 116–122. doi:
10.1016/j.mineng.2018.05.006.
Sommer, A.-E., Rox, H., Shi, P., Eckert, K., &Rzehak, R.
(2021). Solid-liquid flow in stirred tanks: “CFD-grade”
experimental investigation. Chemical Engineering
Science, 245, 116743. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116743.
Tropea, C. (2010). Laser Doppler Velocimetry.
In Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. doi:
10.1002/9780470686652.eae073.
Wang, G., Yang, F., Wu, K., Ma, Y., Peng, C., Liu, T.,
&Wang, L.-P. (2021). Estimation of the dissipation
rate of turbulent kinetic energy: A review. Chemical
Engineering Science, 229, 116133. doi: 10.1016
/j.ces.2020.116133.
Wang, G., Zhou, S., Joshi, J. B., Jameson, G. J., &Evans, G.
M. (2014). An energy model on particle detachment in
the turbulent field. Minerals Engineering, 69, 165–169.
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.07.018.
Wills, B. A., &Finch, J. A. (2016). Chapter 12 -Froth
Flotation. In B. A. Wills &J. A. Finch (Eds.),
Wills’ Mineral Processing Technology (Eighth Edition)
(pp. 265–380). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:
10.1016/B978-0-08-097053-0.00012-1.
Worth, N. A., &Nickels, T. B. (2011). Time-resolved vol-
umetric measurement of fine-scale coherent structures
in turbulence. Physical Review E, 84(2), 25301. doi:
10.1103/PhysRevE.84.025301.
Wu, H., &Patterson, G. K. (1989). Laser-Doppler mea-
surements of turbulent-flow parameters in a stirred
mixer. Chemical Engineering Science, 44(10), 2207–
2221. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(89)85155-3.
Wu, H., Patterson, G. K., &Van Doorn, M. (1989).
Distribution of turbulence energy dissipation rates in
a Rushton turbine stirred mixer. Experiments in Fluids,
8(3–4), 153–160. doi: 10.1007/BF00195789

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2700
The Behavior of Bubble Clusters at the Pulp-Froth Interface
Sayed Janishar Anzoom, Ghislain Bournival, Seher Ata
School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
ABSTRACT: In fluidized bed flotation cells, a significant proportion of particles ascend in the form of bubble
clusters. However, specific clusters encounter hindrances at the pulp-froth interface, impeding their movement
into the froth phase. To comprehend this issue, experimental studies were conducted to observe the interactions
of these clusters with the froth phase and analyze their impact on coarse particle recovery. The results reveal that
clusters developed the froth phase, and a section adjoined the pulp phase. Coarse particles considered in this
study were successfully recovered through the froth.
INTRODUCTION
Froth flotation is a beneficiation process that is widely used
in the mineral processing industry for separating valuable
mineral particles from gangue particles. The process takes
place in a flotation cell, and there are two main phases: the
pulp phase and the froth phase. In the pulp phase, bubbles
and particles interact, and the hydrophobic particles selec-
tively attach to the bubbles. These bubble-particle aggre-
gates then rise to the top of the pulp phase. This phase is
often referred to as the collection phase, where the goal is to
selectively collect the valuable mineral particles. Following
the pulp phase, the froth phase is formed as a result of the
accumulation of bubble-particle aggregates at the top of the
pulp phase. The froth, essentially a collection of bubbles car-
rying hydrophobic particles, is then overflowed or skimmed
off from the top of the flotation cell. The purpose of the
froth phase is to control the concentrate grade by draining
out the gangue particles/non-selected particles, which are
primarily carried into the froth phase by entrained water
(Farrokhpay, 2011 Ata, 2012).
In recent years, there has been a great interest in coarse
particle flotation in the mining industry. This approach
involves floating particles at a coarser size range, providing
various advantages such as reduced energy consumption in
grinding processes, lower operational costs, reduced car-
bon emissions, and improved water recovery, and tailings
management (Jameson, 2012 Kohmuench et al., 2018).
The conventional flotation cells, however, face limitations
in efficiently recovering particles larger than 100 µm. This
challenge is primarily attributed to the high turbulence
prevailing in mechanical flotation cells. The introduction
of fluidized-bed flotation cells has addressed this limitation
by providing less turbulent conditions compared to con-
ventional flotation cells. The reduced turbulence in fluid-
ized-bed cells minimizes the detachment of coarse particles
from the bubbles, consequently increasing the floatability
of larger particles.
Due to the lower turbulence in the fluidized bed flota-
tion cell, significant bubble clusters are formed (Kohmuench
et al., 2018 Jameson et al., 2020). A bubble cluster refers
to an aggregate of bubbles and particles. These clusters
play a crucial role in levitating coarse particles within the
pulp phase, as the presence of multiple bubbles enhances
the positive buoyancy of the cluster (Jameson et al., 2020).
Moreover, coarse particles can attach to several other bub-
bles in the cluster, reducing the chances of detachment.
While bubble clusters prove beneficial in floating coarse

Previous Page Next Page

Extracted Text (may have errors)

2700
The Behavior of Bubble Clusters at the Pulp-Froth Interface
Sayed Janishar Anzoom, Ghislain Bournival, Seher Ata
School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
ABSTRACT: In fluidized bed flotation cells, a significant proportion of particles ascend in the form of bubble
clusters. However, specific clusters encounter hindrances at the pulp-froth interface, impeding their movement
into the froth phase. To comprehend this issue, experimental studies were conducted to observe the interactions
of these clusters with the froth phase and analyze their impact on coarse particle recovery. The results reveal that
clusters developed the froth phase, and a section adjoined the pulp phase. Coarse particles considered in this
study were successfully recovered through the froth.
INTRODUCTION
Froth flotation is a beneficiation process that is widely used
in the mineral processing industry for separating valuable
mineral particles from gangue particles. The process takes
place in a flotation cell, and there are two main phases: the
pulp phase and the froth phase. In the pulp phase, bubbles
and particles interact, and the hydrophobic particles selec-
tively attach to the bubbles. These bubble-particle aggre-
gates then rise to the top of the pulp phase. This phase is
often referred to as the collection phase, where the goal is to
selectively collect the valuable mineral particles. Following
the pulp phase, the froth phase is formed as a result of the
accumulation of bubble-particle aggregates at the top of the
pulp phase. The froth, essentially a collection of bubbles car-
rying hydrophobic particles, is then overflowed or skimmed
off from the top of the flotation cell. The purpose of the
froth phase is to control the concentrate grade by draining
out the gangue particles/non-selected particles, which are
primarily carried into the froth phase by entrained water
(Farrokhpay, 2011 Ata, 2012).
In recent years, there has been a great interest in coarse
particle flotation in the mining industry. This approach
involves floating particles at a coarser size range, providing
various advantages such as reduced energy consumption in
grinding processes, lower operational costs, reduced car-
bon emissions, and improved water recovery, and tailings
management (Jameson, 2012 Kohmuench et al., 2018).
The conventional flotation cells, however, face limitations
in efficiently recovering particles larger than 100 µm. This
challenge is primarily attributed to the high turbulence
prevailing in mechanical flotation cells. The introduction
of fluidized-bed flotation cells has addressed this limitation
by providing less turbulent conditions compared to con-
ventional flotation cells. The reduced turbulence in fluid-
ized-bed cells minimizes the detachment of coarse particles
from the bubbles, consequently increasing the floatability
of larger particles.
Due to the lower turbulence in the fluidized bed flota-
tion cell, significant bubble clusters are formed (Kohmuench
et al., 2018 Jameson et al., 2020). A bubble cluster refers
to an aggregate of bubbles and particles. These clusters
play a crucial role in levitating coarse particles within the
pulp phase, as the presence of multiple bubbles enhances
the positive buoyancy of the cluster (Jameson et al., 2020).
Moreover, coarse particles can attach to several other bub-
bles in the cluster, reducing the chances of detachment.
While bubble clusters prove beneficial in floating coarse

2698 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
• Perform tests in a wider range of flotation condi-
tions to define the operating range of the piezosensor
i.e., provide a range of tip speeds and superficial gas
velocity
This is to ensure that piezosensor is available as a technique
that is adaptable and provides very good reproducibility.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 project
FlotSim (Grant Agreement number: 955805). The authors
would like to thank Jesse Bowden (FLSmidth, Salt Lake
City, USA) and Vikrant Kamble (TU Dresden) for their
support in the lab experiments.
REFERENCES
Amini, E., Bradshaw, D. J., &Xie, W. (2016). Influence of
flotation cell hydrodynamics on the flotation kinetics
and scale up, Part 1: Hydrodynamic parameter mea-
surements and ore property determination. Minerals.
Engineering, 99, 40–51. https://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S0892687516303326.
Anandha Rao, M., &Brodkey, R. S. (1972). Continuous
flow stirred tank turbulence parameters in the impeller
stream. Chemical Engineering Science, 27(1), 137–156.
doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(72)80147-7.
Antonia, R. A. (2003). On estimating mean and instan-
taneous turbulent energy dissipation rates with hot
wires. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 27(2),
151–157. doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(02)00259-5.
Aubin, J., Le Sauze, N., Bertrand, J., Fletcher, D. F.,
&Xuereb, C. (2004). PIV measurements of flow
in an aerated tank stirred by a down- and an up-
pumping axial flow impeller. Experimental Thermal
and Fluid Science, 28(5), 447–456. doi: 10.1016
/j.expthermflusci.2001.12.001.
Balachandar, S., &Eaton, J. K. (2009). Turbulent
Dispersed Multiphase Flow. Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, 42(1), 111–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev
.fluid.010908.165243.
Baldi, S., &Yianneskis, M. (2004). On the quantification
of energy dissipation in the impeller stream of a stirred
vessel from fluctuating velocity gradient measurements.
Chemical Engineering Science, 59(13), 2659–2671. doi:
10.1016/j.ces.2004.03.021.
Benjamin, S. F., &Roberts, C. A. (2002). Measuring
flow velocity at elevated temperature with a hot wire
anemometer calibrated in cold flow. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45(4), 703–706. doi:
10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00194-6.
Buchhave, P. (1994). Particle Image Velocimetry. In L.
Lading, G. Wigley, &P. Buchhave (Eds.), Optical
Diagnostics for Flow Processes (pp. 247–269). Springer
US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1271-8_12.
Colombo, M., &Fairweather, M. (2015). Multiphase
turbulence in bubbly flows: RANS simulations.
International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 77, 222–243.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.09.003.
Dai, Z., Fornasiero, D., &Ralston, J. (1999). Particle–
Bubble Attachment in Mineral Flotation. Journal
of Colloid and Interface Science, 217(1), 70–76. doi:
10.1006/jcis.1999.6319.
Ducoste, J. (2002). A two-scale PBM for modeling turbu-
lent flocculation in water treatment processes. Chemical
Engineering Science, 57(12), 2157–2168. doi: 10.1016
/S0009-2509(02)00108-2.
Gezork, K. M., Bujalski, W., Cooke, M., &Nienow, A.
W. (2000). The Transition from Homogeneous to
Heterogeneous Flow in a Gassed, Stirred Vessel.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 78(3), 363–
370. doi: 10.1205/026387600527482.
Hosokawa, S., Suzuki, T., &Tomiyama, A. (2012).
Turbulence kinetic energy budget in bubbly flows in
a vertical duct. Experiments in Fluids, 52(3), 719–728.
doi: 10.1007/s00348-011-1109-z.
J W Elsner, &W Elsner. (1996). On the measure-
ment of turbulence energy dissipation. Measurement
Science andTechnology, 7(10), 1334. doi:
10.1088/0957-0233/7/10/005.
Kresta, S. M., &Wood, P. E. (1991). Prediction of the
three‐dimensional turbulent flow in stirred tanks.
AIChE Journal, 37(3), 448–460. doi: 10.1002/
aic.690370314.
Kuzzay, D., Faranda, D., &Dubrulle, B. (2015). Global vs
local energy dissipation: The energy cycle of the turbu-
lent von Kármán flow. Physics of Fluids, 27(7), 075105.
doi: 10.1063/1.4923750.
Lee, C.-H., Erickson, L. E., &Glasgow, L. A.
(1987). Dynamics Of Bubble Size Distribution
In Turbulent GasLiquid Dispersions. Chemical
Engineering Communications, 61(1–6), 181–195. doi:
10.1080/00986448708912038.
Lee, K. C., &Yianneskis, M. (1998). Turbulence proper-
ties of the impeller stream of a Rushton turbine. AIChE
Journal, 44(1), 13–24. doi: 10.1002/aic.690440104.
Liao, Y., &Lucas, D. (2009). A literature review of theo-
retical models for drop and bubble breakup in turbu-
lent dispersions. Chemical Engineering Science, 64(15),
3389–3406. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.04.026.

Previous Page Next Page

Extracted Text (may have errors)

2698 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
• Perform tests in a wider range of flotation condi-
tions to define the operating range of the piezosensor
i.e., provide a range of tip speeds and superficial gas
velocity
This is to ensure that piezosensor is available as a technique
that is adaptable and provides very good reproducibility.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is funded by the EU Horizon 2020 project
FlotSim (Grant Agreement number: 955805). The authors
would like to thank Jesse Bowden (FLSmidth, Salt Lake
City, USA) and Vikrant Kamble (TU Dresden) for their
support in the lab experiments.
REFERENCES
Amini, E., Bradshaw, D. J., &Xie, W. (2016). Influence of
flotation cell hydrodynamics on the flotation kinetics
and scale up, Part 1: Hydrodynamic parameter mea-
surements and ore property determination. Minerals.
Engineering, 99, 40–51. https://www.sciencedirect.com
/science/article/pii/S0892687516303326.
Anandha Rao, M., &Brodkey, R. S. (1972). Continuous
flow stirred tank turbulence parameters in the impeller
stream. Chemical Engineering Science, 27(1), 137–156.
doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(72)80147-7.
Antonia, R. A. (2003). On estimating mean and instan-
taneous turbulent energy dissipation rates with hot
wires. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 27(2),
151–157. doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(02)00259-5.
Aubin, J., Le Sauze, N., Bertrand, J., Fletcher, D. F.,
&Xuereb, C. (2004). PIV measurements of flow
in an aerated tank stirred by a down- and an up-
pumping axial flow impeller. Experimental Thermal
and Fluid Science, 28(5), 447–456. doi: 10.1016
/j.expthermflusci.2001.12.001.
Balachandar, S., &Eaton, J. K. (2009). Turbulent
Dispersed Multiphase Flow. Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, 42(1), 111–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev
.fluid.010908.165243.
Baldi, S., &Yianneskis, M. (2004). On the quantification
of energy dissipation in the impeller stream of a stirred
vessel from fluctuating velocity gradient measurements.
Chemical Engineering Science, 59(13), 2659–2671. doi:
10.1016/j.ces.2004.03.021.
Benjamin, S. F., &Roberts, C. A. (2002). Measuring
flow velocity at elevated temperature with a hot wire
anemometer calibrated in cold flow. International
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 45(4), 703–706. doi:
10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00194-6.
Buchhave, P. (1994). Particle Image Velocimetry. In L.
Lading, G. Wigley, &P. Buchhave (Eds.), Optical
Diagnostics for Flow Processes (pp. 247–269). Springer
US. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1271-8_12.
Colombo, M., &Fairweather, M. (2015). Multiphase
turbulence in bubbly flows: RANS simulations.
International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 77, 222–243.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.09.003.
Dai, Z., Fornasiero, D., &Ralston, J. (1999). Particle–
Bubble Attachment in Mineral Flotation. Journal
of Colloid and Interface Science, 217(1), 70–76. doi:
10.1006/jcis.1999.6319.
Ducoste, J. (2002). A two-scale PBM for modeling turbu-
lent flocculation in water treatment processes. Chemical
Engineering Science, 57(12), 2157–2168. doi: 10.1016
/S0009-2509(02)00108-2.
Gezork, K. M., Bujalski, W., Cooke, M., &Nienow, A.
W. (2000). The Transition from Homogeneous to
Heterogeneous Flow in a Gassed, Stirred Vessel.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 78(3), 363–
370. doi: 10.1205/026387600527482.
Hosokawa, S., Suzuki, T., &Tomiyama, A. (2012).
Turbulence kinetic energy budget in bubbly flows in
a vertical duct. Experiments in Fluids, 52(3), 719–728.
doi: 10.1007/s00348-011-1109-z.
J W Elsner, &W Elsner. (1996). On the measure-
ment of turbulence energy dissipation. Measurement
Science andTechnology, 7(10), 1334. doi:
10.1088/0957-0233/7/10/005.
Kresta, S. M., &Wood, P. E. (1991). Prediction of the
three‐dimensional turbulent flow in stirred tanks.
AIChE Journal, 37(3), 448–460. doi: 10.1002/
aic.690370314.
Kuzzay, D., Faranda, D., &Dubrulle, B. (2015). Global vs
local energy dissipation: The energy cycle of the turbu-
lent von Kármán flow. Physics of Fluids, 27(7), 075105.
doi: 10.1063/1.4923750.
Lee, C.-H., Erickson, L. E., &Glasgow, L. A.
(1987). Dynamics Of Bubble Size Distribution
In Turbulent GasLiquid Dispersions. Chemical
Engineering Communications, 61(1–6), 181–195. doi:
10.1080/00986448708912038.
Lee, K. C., &Yianneskis, M. (1998). Turbulence proper-
ties of the impeller stream of a Rushton turbine. AIChE
Journal, 44(1), 13–24. doi: 10.1002/aic.690440104.
Liao, Y., &Lucas, D. (2009). A literature review of theo-
retical models for drop and bubble breakup in turbu-
lent dispersions. Chemical Engineering Science, 64(15),
3389–3406. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.04.026.