XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 2499
Contact Angle Analysis
Contact angle measurements serve as a quantitative met-
ric for surface wetting, where larger angles imply stron-
ger hydrophobicity and, consequently, better floatability.
Conversely, smaller angles suggest increased hydrophilicity
and reduced floatability(Huang et al., 2014). As depicted in
Figure 7, MSA treatment at 20.0 mg/L decreased galena’s
contact angle from 79.8° to 65.1°, with negligible impact
on molybdenite. However, at 100.0 mg/L MSA, galena’s
contact angle further declined to 56.9°, and molybdenite’s
angle slightly reduced to 79.4°. In contrast, Phosphorknox
showed a more pronounced effect on both minerals’ hydro-
phobicity at similar dosages. This disparity underscores
MSA’s selective influence on galena, modifying its floatabil-
ity without significantly affecting molybdenite.
UV-Vis Experiments
UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the
interaction mechanism between MSA and galena. The
emergence of an absorption peak at 270 nm, growing in
intensity with increasing Pb2+ concentration (Figure 8),
indicates MSA’s binding to Pb2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometry.
This observation suggests that MSA achieves its inhibitory
effect on galena flotation through chemisorption, forming
metal complexes with Pb2+ ions. Figure 8 UV absorption
spectrum of MSA after interaction with Pb2+ and (b) Pb2+
titration curve.
XPS Analysis
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was utilized to
analyze the elemental composition and chemical valence
state of the galena surface pre- and post-MSA treatment.
The results were displayed in Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9
shows the measured scanning XPS full spectrum of galena
after MSA treatment and without treatment. As shown
in Figure 10, characteristic peaks of Pb, O, C and S were
observed on the surface of the pure mineral of galena,
where the appearance of C 1s is generally due to organic
carbon contamination in the air, a phenomenon that also
proves that galena has good purity. The peak of O 1s on the
galena spectrum increases after MSA treatment of galena,
and the increase of this peak is due to the oxygen element in
the MSA structure. The surface atomic contents of C, O, S,
and Pb atoms are shown in Table 2. The concentration of O
atoms on the surface of galena increased by 7.94% after the
5 10
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
MSA dosage (mg/L)
Molybdenite recovery in concentrate Galena recovery in concentrate
Mo grade in concentrate Pb grade in concentrate
Figure 5. Flotation separation results of artificially mixed
molybdenite and galena with MSA (MIBC: 10 mg/L, Diesel:
15 mg/L, pH=6.8±0.2)
5 10
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
phosphorknox dosage (mg/L)
Molybdenite recovery in concentrate Galena recovery in concentrate
Mo grade in concentrate Pb grade in concentrate
Figure 6. Flotation separation results of artificially mixed
molybdenite and galena with phosphorknox (MIBC:
10 mg/L, Diesel: 15 mg/L, pH=6.8±0.2)
0 20 40 60 80 100
60
80
100
Dosage (mg/L)
Galena with phosphorknox
molybdenum with phosphorknox
Galena with MSA
molybdenum with MSA
Figure 7. Contact angle measurement results
Grade
(Recovery
(%)
Grade
(Recovery
(%)
Contact
angle(°)
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Extracted Text (may have errors)

XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 2499
Contact Angle Analysis
Contact angle measurements serve as a quantitative met-
ric for surface wetting, where larger angles imply stron-
ger hydrophobicity and, consequently, better floatability.
Conversely, smaller angles suggest increased hydrophilicity
and reduced floatability(Huang et al., 2014). As depicted in
Figure 7, MSA treatment at 20.0 mg/L decreased galena’s
contact angle from 79.8° to 65.1°, with negligible impact
on molybdenite. However, at 100.0 mg/L MSA, galena’s
contact angle further declined to 56.9°, and molybdenite’s
angle slightly reduced to 79.4°. In contrast, Phosphorknox
showed a more pronounced effect on both minerals’ hydro-
phobicity at similar dosages. This disparity underscores
MSA’s selective influence on galena, modifying its floatabil-
ity without significantly affecting molybdenite.
UV-Vis Experiments
UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the
interaction mechanism between MSA and galena. The
emergence of an absorption peak at 270 nm, growing in
intensity with increasing Pb2+ concentration (Figure 8),
indicates MSA’s binding to Pb2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometry.
This observation suggests that MSA achieves its inhibitory
effect on galena flotation through chemisorption, forming
metal complexes with Pb2+ ions. Figure 8 UV absorption
spectrum of MSA after interaction with Pb2+ and (b) Pb2+
titration curve.
XPS Analysis
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was utilized to
analyze the elemental composition and chemical valence
state of the galena surface pre- and post-MSA treatment.
The results were displayed in Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9
shows the measured scanning XPS full spectrum of galena
after MSA treatment and without treatment. As shown
in Figure 10, characteristic peaks of Pb, O, C and S were
observed on the surface of the pure mineral of galena,
where the appearance of C 1s is generally due to organic
carbon contamination in the air, a phenomenon that also
proves that galena has good purity. The peak of O 1s on the
galena spectrum increases after MSA treatment of galena,
and the increase of this peak is due to the oxygen element in
the MSA structure. The surface atomic contents of C, O, S,
and Pb atoms are shown in Table 2. The concentration of O
atoms on the surface of galena increased by 7.94% after the
5 10
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
MSA dosage (mg/L)
Molybdenite recovery in concentrate Galena recovery in concentrate
Mo grade in concentrate Pb grade in concentrate
Figure 5. Flotation separation results of artificially mixed
molybdenite and galena with MSA (MIBC: 10 mg/L, Diesel:
15 mg/L, pH=6.8±0.2)
5 10
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
phosphorknox dosage (mg/L)
Molybdenite recovery in concentrate Galena recovery in concentrate
Mo grade in concentrate Pb grade in concentrate
Figure 6. Flotation separation results of artificially mixed
molybdenite and galena with phosphorknox (MIBC:
10 mg/L, Diesel: 15 mg/L, pH=6.8±0.2)
0 20 40 60 80 100
60
80
100
Dosage (mg/L)
Galena with phosphorknox
molybdenum with phosphorknox
Galena with MSA
molybdenum with MSA
Figure 7. Contact angle measurement results
Grade
(Recovery
(%)
Grade
(Recovery
(%)
Contact
angle(°)

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