XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 3295
friendly and selective. This is still very much in the
domain of academia.
• The direct recycling of EV LIBs appears to have
some way to go before the concepts are at a tech-
nology readiness level that allows the concepts to be
commercialized.
• As Reuter et al., (2024) state in their handbook (2nd
edition) on recycling, the notion of recycling needs
to move from a cascade type of system to a more
circular system where the materials are constantly be
repurposed with little to no waste. The recycling of
EV LIBs does not have to generate a product to go
back into the battery. The recycled materials can be
used in other applications.
REFERENCES
Adenusi, H, Chass, GA, Passerini, S, Tian, KV &Chen,
G 2023, ‘Lithium Batteries and the Solid Electrolyte
Interphase (SEI)—Progress and Outlook’, Advanced
Energy Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 2203307.
BIOX Process 2021, viewed 21 January 2024, https://
www.metso.com/globalassets/industry-pages/metals
-refining/hydrometallurgy/mo-biox-process-brochure
_print.pdf.
Chen, M, Ma, X, Chen, B, Arsenault, R, Karlson, P, Simon,
N &Wang, Y, 2019, ‘Recycling End-of-Life Electric
Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries’, Joule, vol. 3, no. 11,
pp. 2622–2646.
Doose, S, Mayer, JK, Michalowski, P &Kwade, A, 2021,
‘Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and
Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future
Lithium Battery Generations’, Metals, vol. 11, no. 2,
p. 291.
Fang, Z, Duan, Q, Peng, Q, Wei, Z, Cao, H, Sun, J &
Wang, Q 2022, ‘Comparative study of chemical dis-
charge strategy to pretreat spent lithium-ion batter-
ies for safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly
recycling’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 359,
p. 132116.
Gaines, L, Dai, Q, Vaughey, JT &Gillard, S 2021, ‘Direct
Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center’, Recycling, vol.
6, no. 2, p. 31.
Hantanasirisakul, K &Sawangphruk, M 2023, ‘Sustainable
Reuse and Recycling of Spent Li‐Ion batteries
from Electric Vehicles: Chemical, Environmental,
and Economical Perspectives’, Global Challenges,
p. 2200212.
He, B, Zheng, H, Tang, K, Xi, P, Li, M, Wei, L &Guan, Q
2024, ‘A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Battery
(LiB) Recycling Technologies and Industrial Market
Trend Insights’, Recycling, vol. 9, Multidisciplinary
Digital Publishing Institute, no. 1, pp. 9–9.
Ji, Y, Kpodzro, EE, Jafvert, CT &Zhao, F 2021, ‘Direct
recycling technologies of cathode in spent lithium-ion
batteries’, Clean Technologies and Recycling, vol. 1, no.
2, pp. 124–151.
Kim, S, Bang, J, Yoo, J, Shin, Y, Bae, J, Jeong, J, Kim, K,
Dong, P &Kwon, K, 2021, ‘A comprehensive review
on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery
recycling’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 294.
Larouche, F, Tedjar, F, Amouzegar, K, Houlachi, G,
Bouchard, P, Demopoulos, GP &Zaghib, K, 2020,
‘Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct
Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond’, Materials,
vol. 13, no. 3, p. 801.
Lu, Y 2020, ‘Green Manufacturing and Direct Recycling
of Lithium-Ion Batteries’, Doctoral Thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, pp. 20–31.
Mao, Z, Song, Y, Zhen, AG &Sun, W 2024, ‘Recycling
of electrolyte from spent lithium-ion batteries’, Next
Sustainability, vol. 3, p. 100015, viewed 4 February
2024, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S2949823623000156.
Or T, Gourley SW, Kaliyappan K, Yu A, Chen Z. Recycling
of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric
vehicles: Current status and future outlook. Carbon
Energy. 2020 2:6–43. doi: 10.1002/cey2.29.
Padwal, C, Pham, HD, Jadhav, S, Do, TT, Nerkar, J,
Hoang, LTM, Kumar Nanjundan, A, Mundree, SG
&Dubal, DP 2021, ‘Deep Eutectic Solvents: Green
Approach for Cathode Recycling of Li‐Ion Batteries’,
Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, vol. 3,
p. 2100133.
PNE Novel Plasma-Based Recycling Technology—Princeton
NuEnergy, 2022, viewed 11 January 2024, https://
pnecycle.com/pne-novel-plasma-based-recycling
-technology/.
Pražanová, A, Knap, V &Stroe, D-I, 2022, ‘Literature
Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from
Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology’,
Energies, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 1086.
Pražanová, A, Zbyněk Plachý, Kočí, J, Fridrich, M &
Knap, V 2024, ‘Direct Recycling Technology for
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current
Implementation’, Batteries, vol. 10, Multidisciplinary
Digital Publishing Institute, no. 3, pp. 81–81.

Previous Page Next Page

Extracted Text (may have errors)

XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 3295
friendly and selective. This is still very much in the
domain of academia.
• The direct recycling of EV LIBs appears to have
some way to go before the concepts are at a tech-
nology readiness level that allows the concepts to be
commercialized.
• As Reuter et al., (2024) state in their handbook (2nd
edition) on recycling, the notion of recycling needs
to move from a cascade type of system to a more
circular system where the materials are constantly be
repurposed with little to no waste. The recycling of
EV LIBs does not have to generate a product to go
back into the battery. The recycled materials can be
used in other applications.
REFERENCES
Adenusi, H, Chass, GA, Passerini, S, Tian, KV &Chen,
G 2023, ‘Lithium Batteries and the Solid Electrolyte
Interphase (SEI)—Progress and Outlook’, Advanced
Energy Materials, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 2203307.
BIOX Process 2021, viewed 21 January 2024, https://
www.metso.com/globalassets/industry-pages/metals
-refining/hydrometallurgy/mo-biox-process-brochure
_print.pdf.
Chen, M, Ma, X, Chen, B, Arsenault, R, Karlson, P, Simon,
N &Wang, Y, 2019, ‘Recycling End-of-Life Electric
Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries’, Joule, vol. 3, no. 11,
pp. 2622–2646.
Doose, S, Mayer, JK, Michalowski, P &Kwade, A, 2021,
‘Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and
Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future
Lithium Battery Generations’, Metals, vol. 11, no. 2,
p. 291.
Fang, Z, Duan, Q, Peng, Q, Wei, Z, Cao, H, Sun, J &
Wang, Q 2022, ‘Comparative study of chemical dis-
charge strategy to pretreat spent lithium-ion batter-
ies for safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly
recycling’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 359,
p. 132116.
Gaines, L, Dai, Q, Vaughey, JT &Gillard, S 2021, ‘Direct
Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center’, Recycling, vol.
6, no. 2, p. 31.
Hantanasirisakul, K &Sawangphruk, M 2023, ‘Sustainable
Reuse and Recycling of Spent Li‐Ion batteries
from Electric Vehicles: Chemical, Environmental,
and Economical Perspectives’, Global Challenges,
p. 2200212.
He, B, Zheng, H, Tang, K, Xi, P, Li, M, Wei, L &Guan, Q
2024, ‘A Comprehensive Review of Lithium-Ion Battery
(LiB) Recycling Technologies and Industrial Market
Trend Insights’, Recycling, vol. 9, Multidisciplinary
Digital Publishing Institute, no. 1, pp. 9–9.
Ji, Y, Kpodzro, EE, Jafvert, CT &Zhao, F 2021, ‘Direct
recycling technologies of cathode in spent lithium-ion
batteries’, Clean Technologies and Recycling, vol. 1, no.
2, pp. 124–151.
Kim, S, Bang, J, Yoo, J, Shin, Y, Bae, J, Jeong, J, Kim, K,
Dong, P &Kwon, K, 2021, ‘A comprehensive review
on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery
recycling’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 294.
Larouche, F, Tedjar, F, Amouzegar, K, Houlachi, G,
Bouchard, P, Demopoulos, GP &Zaghib, K, 2020,
‘Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct
Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond’, Materials,
vol. 13, no. 3, p. 801.
Lu, Y 2020, ‘Green Manufacturing and Direct Recycling
of Lithium-Ion Batteries’, Doctoral Thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, pp. 20–31.
Mao, Z, Song, Y, Zhen, AG &Sun, W 2024, ‘Recycling
of electrolyte from spent lithium-ion batteries’, Next
Sustainability, vol. 3, p. 100015, viewed 4 February
2024, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S2949823623000156.
Or T, Gourley SW, Kaliyappan K, Yu A, Chen Z. Recycling
of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric
vehicles: Current status and future outlook. Carbon
Energy. 2020 2:6–43. doi: 10.1002/cey2.29.
Padwal, C, Pham, HD, Jadhav, S, Do, TT, Nerkar, J,
Hoang, LTM, Kumar Nanjundan, A, Mundree, SG
&Dubal, DP 2021, ‘Deep Eutectic Solvents: Green
Approach for Cathode Recycling of Li‐Ion Batteries’,
Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, vol. 3,
p. 2100133.
PNE Novel Plasma-Based Recycling Technology—Princeton
NuEnergy, 2022, viewed 11 January 2024, https://
pnecycle.com/pne-novel-plasma-based-recycling
-technology/.
Pražanová, A, Knap, V &Stroe, D-I, 2022, ‘Literature
Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from
Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology’,
Energies, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 1086.
Pražanová, A, Zbyněk Plachý, Kočí, J, Fridrich, M &
Knap, V 2024, ‘Direct Recycling Technology for
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Limitations of Current
Implementation’, Batteries, vol. 10, Multidisciplinary
Digital Publishing Institute, no. 3, pp. 81–81.

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3294 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
exhibit an improved selectivity for key critical minerals in
the LIB composition.
Direct Recycling
As an example Princeton Nu Energy, (2022) has developed
groundbreaking new technology known as low-temper-
ature plasma-assisted separation process (LPAS ™). This
process enables the sorting, purification, and repair of cath-
ode materials from aged LIBs. Beyond these functions, it
also introduces new functionality designed to significantly
enhance the performance of the cathode materials.
The outlined process as shown in Figure 5 begins with
a straightforward step of shredding the materials. This ini-
tial phase ensures that the subsequent stages of the process
are manageable and efficient. Following the shredding, the
next step involves a meticulous separation process. Various
elements including copper, aluminum, cathode, and anode
are carefully distinguished and separated. To accomplish
this, we employ the use of low temperature plasma, which
is a reliable and efficient method for this task. Once the
materials have been successfully separated, the process cul-
minates with lithiation. During this final step, we convert
the separated materials into battery-grade cathode mate-
rials. This intricate procedure ensures the production of
high-quality, reliable, and durable batteries.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the rapidly evolving EV LIB commodity sec-
tor is developing new and more efficient cathode and anode
chemistries all the time, it is small wonder the recycling
efforts appear to be lagging.
That said the EV LIB recycling operations around the
world that have made a success of recycling have done so on
the back of tried and tested mineral processing, hydromet-
allurgical and pyrometallurgical unit operations.
Areas where opportunities lie for future developments
in commercial EV battery recycling include but are not
limited to:
• Improving the ability to assess EV LIBs at EOL so
as to determine if they can be repurposed to BESS
applications in homes and factories or whether they
are indeed spent and the materials can be recovered.
• The development of new battery chemistries will cre-
ate a need for recyclers to pick the types of LIB chem-
istry they wish to deal in. This opens up opportuni-
ties for entrepreneurs to develop new and novel recy-
cling avenues for the emerging EV LIB chemistries.
• The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) for the selec-
tive recovery of mineral species from the recycling
of EOL LIBs offers up opportunities to develop
solvents that are both economic, environmentally
Source: https://pnecycle.com/pne-novel-plasma-based-recycling-technology
Figure 5. Traditional recycling process vs. Princeton Nu Energy direct recycling process

Previous Page Next Page

Extracted Text (may have errors)

3294 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
exhibit an improved selectivity for key critical minerals in
the LIB composition.
Direct Recycling
As an example Princeton Nu Energy, (2022) has developed
groundbreaking new technology known as low-temper-
ature plasma-assisted separation process (LPAS ™). This
process enables the sorting, purification, and repair of cath-
ode materials from aged LIBs. Beyond these functions, it
also introduces new functionality designed to significantly
enhance the performance of the cathode materials.
The outlined process as shown in Figure 5 begins with
a straightforward step of shredding the materials. This ini-
tial phase ensures that the subsequent stages of the process
are manageable and efficient. Following the shredding, the
next step involves a meticulous separation process. Various
elements including copper, aluminum, cathode, and anode
are carefully distinguished and separated. To accomplish
this, we employ the use of low temperature plasma, which
is a reliable and efficient method for this task. Once the
materials have been successfully separated, the process cul-
minates with lithiation. During this final step, we convert
the separated materials into battery-grade cathode mate-
rials. This intricate procedure ensures the production of
high-quality, reliable, and durable batteries.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the rapidly evolving EV LIB commodity sec-
tor is developing new and more efficient cathode and anode
chemistries all the time, it is small wonder the recycling
efforts appear to be lagging.
That said the EV LIB recycling operations around the
world that have made a success of recycling have done so on
the back of tried and tested mineral processing, hydromet-
allurgical and pyrometallurgical unit operations.
Areas where opportunities lie for future developments
in commercial EV battery recycling include but are not
limited to:
• Improving the ability to assess EV LIBs at EOL so
as to determine if they can be repurposed to BESS
applications in homes and factories or whether they
are indeed spent and the materials can be recovered.
• The development of new battery chemistries will cre-
ate a need for recyclers to pick the types of LIB chem-
istry they wish to deal in. This opens up opportuni-
ties for entrepreneurs to develop new and novel recy-
cling avenues for the emerging EV LIB chemistries.
• The use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) for the selec-
tive recovery of mineral species from the recycling
of EOL LIBs offers up opportunities to develop
solvents that are both economic, environmentally
Source: https://pnecycle.com/pne-novel-plasma-based-recycling-technology
Figure 5. Traditional recycling process vs. Princeton Nu Energy direct recycling process

3296 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
Ruiting, Z, Zhenshen, Yang, Ira, B and Lei, P, ‘Significance
of Solid Electrolyte on Separation of Anode and
Cathodic Materials from Spent Li-Ion Batteries by
Froth Flotation’, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2021,
9, 1, 531–540.
Sunderlin, N, Colclasure, A, Yang, C, Major, J, Fink, K,
Saxon, A &Keyser, M 2023, ‘Effects of cryogenic freez-
ing upon lithium-ion battery safety and component
integrity’, Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 63, p. 107046,
viewed 2 November 2023, https://www.sciencedirect
.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X23004437.
Tankou, A, Bieker, G &Hall, D, 2023, Scaling up reuse and
recycling of electric vehicle batteries :Assessing challenges
and policy approaches, February, International Council
on Clean Transportation, Washington DC.
Werner, D, Peuker, UA &Mütze, T, 2020, ‘Recycling
Chain for Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries’, Metals, vol.
10, no. 3, p. 316.
Zhang, R, Shi, X, Esan, OC &An, L 2022, ‘Organic
Electrolytes Recycling From Spent Lithium‐Ion
Batteries’, Global Challenges, p. 2200050.
Zheng, P, Young, D, Yang, T, Xiao, Y &Li, Z, 2023,
‘Powering battery sustainability: a review of the recent
progress and evolving challenges in recycling lith-
ium-ion batteries’, Frontiers in Sustainable Resource
Management, vol. 2.
Zhou, L-F, Yang, D, Du, T, Gong, H &Luo, W-B 2020,
‘The Current Process for the Recycling of Spent
Lithium Ion Batteries’, Frontiers in Chemistry, vol. 8.

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Extracted Text (may have errors)