2268 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
hydrocarbon tails. It has been shown earlier that DDM is
physisorbed on hematite at acidic pH [20, 21].
The adsorption of ASL, LSL, NaOl, and DDM prac-
tically does not change the Fe 2p spectrum of hematite,
indicating that this spectrum is not sensitive to the forma-
tion of the Fe(III)-O bond (Figure 6c). However, the rela-
tive intensity of the Fe(III) satellites is somewhat weaker in
the case of ASL, which suggests a higher fraction of Fe(II)
on the hematite surface. This result is consistent with the
leaching activity of ASL toward hematite (Table 1). The C/
Fe atomic ratio decreases in the order of NaOl LSL
DDM ASL (Table 2). Given that DDM has a C12 tail,
C 1s
740 735 730 725 720 715 710
Binding Energy (eV) 291 289 287 285 283
Binding Energy (eV)
a
536 534 532 530 528
Binding Energy (eV)
b c
C 1s O 1s Fe 2p
Figure 6. XPS (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s, (c) Fe 2p spectra of –20 µm hematite after conditioned in (brown) water and 50 mM (red)
ASL, (green) LSL, (blue) DDM, (black) NaOl at pH 6.7–6.9. Arrows show the Fe(III) satellites
280282284286288290292294
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Binding Energy (eV)
930 940 950 960 970
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Binding Energy (eV)
a C 1s b Cu 2p
Cu(II)
Figure 7. XPS (a) C 1s and (b) Cu 2p spectra of –20 µm malachite after conditioned in (blue)
water and 50 mM (black) ASL, (orange) LSL, (red) DDM, (green) NaOl at pH 6.4. Spectra are
normalized by maximum peak intensity
Table 2. XPS C/metal atomic ratios for –20 µm hematite and
malachite from the spectra shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.
The carbon concentration for hematite and malachite
is taken as the total carbon and non-carbonate carbon,
respectively
C/Fe (hematite) C(not malachite)/Cu
H
2 O 1.6 1.1
NaOl 1.8 1.2
DDM 1.6 1.6
ASL 1.4 1.3
LSL 1.7 1.3
Normalized
Intensity
Normalized
Int
ity
hydrocarbon tails. It has been shown earlier that DDM is
physisorbed on hematite at acidic pH [20, 21].
The adsorption of ASL, LSL, NaOl, and DDM prac-
tically does not change the Fe 2p spectrum of hematite,
indicating that this spectrum is not sensitive to the forma-
tion of the Fe(III)-O bond (Figure 6c). However, the rela-
tive intensity of the Fe(III) satellites is somewhat weaker in
the case of ASL, which suggests a higher fraction of Fe(II)
on the hematite surface. This result is consistent with the
leaching activity of ASL toward hematite (Table 1). The C/
Fe atomic ratio decreases in the order of NaOl LSL
DDM ASL (Table 2). Given that DDM has a C12 tail,
C 1s
740 735 730 725 720 715 710
Binding Energy (eV) 291 289 287 285 283
Binding Energy (eV)
a
536 534 532 530 528
Binding Energy (eV)
b c
C 1s O 1s Fe 2p
Figure 6. XPS (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s, (c) Fe 2p spectra of –20 µm hematite after conditioned in (brown) water and 50 mM (red)
ASL, (green) LSL, (blue) DDM, (black) NaOl at pH 6.7–6.9. Arrows show the Fe(III) satellites
280282284286288290292294
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
Binding Energy (eV)
930 940 950 960 970
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Binding Energy (eV)
a C 1s b Cu 2p
Cu(II)
Figure 7. XPS (a) C 1s and (b) Cu 2p spectra of –20 µm malachite after conditioned in (blue)
water and 50 mM (black) ASL, (orange) LSL, (red) DDM, (green) NaOl at pH 6.4. Spectra are
normalized by maximum peak intensity
Table 2. XPS C/metal atomic ratios for –20 µm hematite and
malachite from the spectra shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.
The carbon concentration for hematite and malachite
is taken as the total carbon and non-carbonate carbon,
respectively
C/Fe (hematite) C(not malachite)/Cu
H
2 O 1.6 1.1
NaOl 1.8 1.2
DDM 1.6 1.6
ASL 1.4 1.3
LSL 1.7 1.3
Normalized
Intensity
Normalized
Int
ity