XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 3507
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
This study shows the significant role of inorganic electro-
lyte in enhancing the carbonation efficiency of olivine for
CO2 sequestration. Sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) and
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) showed modest enhance-
ments, while potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium sul-
fate ((NH4)2SO4), and especially sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
exhibited significant improvements on kinetics of car-
bonation. SEM analyses provided insightful observations
into the impact of Na2SO on the carbonation efficiency.
The formation of magnesite crystals, as seen in the SEM
images, Occurred away from the olivine surface, forming
clusters linked by amorphous silica, differing from the base-
line condition. This suggests a difference in crystal growth
and silicic acid diffusion with the addition of Na2SO4. In
contrast, baseline conditions revealed magnesite and amor-
phous silica forming a barrier around unreacted silicate
minerals, potentially inhibiting further carbonate forma-
tion. The present study highlights the potential of using
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as an effective additive in the
mineral carbonation process, providing an alternative to
enhancing CO2 uptake rates and the overall efficiency of
the sequestration process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial sup-
port from the Department of Energy—Advanced Research
Projects Agency—Energy (DOE ARPA-E) under the award
number (DE-AR0001702).
REFERENCES
Bodor, M., Santos, R. M., Van Gerven, T., &Vlad, M.
(2013). Recent developments and perspectives on the
treatment of industrial wastes by mineral carbonation—
a review. Central European Journal of Engineering, 3,
566–584.
Chizmeshya, A. V., McKelvy, M. J., Squires, K., Carpenter,
R. W., &Béarat, H. (2007). A novel approach to min-
eral carbonation: Enhancing carbonation while avoiding
mineral pretreatment process cost.
Crundwell, F. (2014). The mechanism of dissolution of for-
sterite, olivine and minerals of the orthosilicate group.
Hydrometallurgy, 150, 68–82.
Gadikota, G., Matter, J., Kelemen, P., &Park, A.-h. A.
(2014). Chemical and morphological changes during
olivine carbonation for CO 2 storage in the presence
of NaCl and NaHCO 3. Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics, 16(10), 4679–4693.
Galina, N. R., Arce, G. L., Maroto-Valer, M., &Ávila, I.
(2023). Experimental Study on Mineral Dissolution
and Carbonation Efficiency Applied to pH-Swing
Mineral Carbonation for Improved CO2 Sequestration.
Energies, 16(5), 2449.
Grant, T. B., &Harlov, D. E. (2018). The influence of
NaCl-H2O fluids on reactions between olivine and
plagi°Clase: An experimental study at 0.8 GPa and
800–900 C. Lithos, 323, 78–90.
King, H. E., Plümper, O., &Putnis, A. (2010). Effect
of secondary phase formation on the carbonation of
olivine. Environmental science &technology, 44(16),
6503–6509.
Li, J., &Hitch, M. (2018). Mechanical activation of mag-
nesium silicates for mineral carbonation, a review.
Minerals Engineering, 128, 69–83.
Matus, C., Stopic, S., Etzold, S., Kremer, D., Wotruba,
H., Dertmann, C., Telle, R., Friedrich, B., &Knops,
P. (2020). Mechanism of nickel, magnesium, and iron
recovery from olivine bearing ore during leaching with
hydr°Chloric acid including a carbonation pre-treat-
ment. Metals, 10(6), 811.
McKelvy, M. J., Chizmeshya, A. V., Diefenbacher, J.,
Béarat, H., &Wolf, G. (2004). Exploration of the
role of heat activation in enhancing serpentine carbon
sequestration reactions. Environmental science &tech-
nology, 38(24), 6897–6903.
Mun, M., &Cho, H. (2013). Mineral carbonation for
carbon sequestration with industrial waste. Energy
Pr°Cedia, 37, 6999–7005.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Nilsen, D. N., Rush, G.
E., Walters, R. P., &Turner, P. C. (2001). Carbon diox-
ide sequestration: Aqueous mineral carbonation studies
using olivine and serpentine.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Nilsen, D. N., Walters,
R. P., &Turner, P. C. (2000). Carbon dioxide sequestra-
tion by direct mineral carbonation with carbonic acid.
O’Connor, W., Dahlin, D., Rush, G., Gerdemann, S.,
Penner, L., &Nilsen, D. (2005). Aqueous mineral car-
bonation. DOE, US.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Rush, G., Dahlin, C. L.,
&Collins, W. K. (2002). Carbon dioxide sequestration
by direct mineral carbonation: process mineralogy of
feed and products. Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration,
19, 95–101.
Oelkers, E. H., Gislason, S. R., &Matter, J. (2008). Mineral
carbonation of CO2. Elements, 4(5), 333–337.
Olajire, A. A. (2013). A review of mineral carbonation tech-
nology in sequestration of CO2. Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, 109, 364–392.
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
This study shows the significant role of inorganic electro-
lyte in enhancing the carbonation efficiency of olivine for
CO2 sequestration. Sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) and
ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) showed modest enhance-
ments, while potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium sul-
fate ((NH4)2SO4), and especially sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
exhibited significant improvements on kinetics of car-
bonation. SEM analyses provided insightful observations
into the impact of Na2SO on the carbonation efficiency.
The formation of magnesite crystals, as seen in the SEM
images, Occurred away from the olivine surface, forming
clusters linked by amorphous silica, differing from the base-
line condition. This suggests a difference in crystal growth
and silicic acid diffusion with the addition of Na2SO4. In
contrast, baseline conditions revealed magnesite and amor-
phous silica forming a barrier around unreacted silicate
minerals, potentially inhibiting further carbonate forma-
tion. The present study highlights the potential of using
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as an effective additive in the
mineral carbonation process, providing an alternative to
enhancing CO2 uptake rates and the overall efficiency of
the sequestration process.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial sup-
port from the Department of Energy—Advanced Research
Projects Agency—Energy (DOE ARPA-E) under the award
number (DE-AR0001702).
REFERENCES
Bodor, M., Santos, R. M., Van Gerven, T., &Vlad, M.
(2013). Recent developments and perspectives on the
treatment of industrial wastes by mineral carbonation—
a review. Central European Journal of Engineering, 3,
566–584.
Chizmeshya, A. V., McKelvy, M. J., Squires, K., Carpenter,
R. W., &Béarat, H. (2007). A novel approach to min-
eral carbonation: Enhancing carbonation while avoiding
mineral pretreatment process cost.
Crundwell, F. (2014). The mechanism of dissolution of for-
sterite, olivine and minerals of the orthosilicate group.
Hydrometallurgy, 150, 68–82.
Gadikota, G., Matter, J., Kelemen, P., &Park, A.-h. A.
(2014). Chemical and morphological changes during
olivine carbonation for CO 2 storage in the presence
of NaCl and NaHCO 3. Physical Chemistry Chemical
Physics, 16(10), 4679–4693.
Galina, N. R., Arce, G. L., Maroto-Valer, M., &Ávila, I.
(2023). Experimental Study on Mineral Dissolution
and Carbonation Efficiency Applied to pH-Swing
Mineral Carbonation for Improved CO2 Sequestration.
Energies, 16(5), 2449.
Grant, T. B., &Harlov, D. E. (2018). The influence of
NaCl-H2O fluids on reactions between olivine and
plagi°Clase: An experimental study at 0.8 GPa and
800–900 C. Lithos, 323, 78–90.
King, H. E., Plümper, O., &Putnis, A. (2010). Effect
of secondary phase formation on the carbonation of
olivine. Environmental science &technology, 44(16),
6503–6509.
Li, J., &Hitch, M. (2018). Mechanical activation of mag-
nesium silicates for mineral carbonation, a review.
Minerals Engineering, 128, 69–83.
Matus, C., Stopic, S., Etzold, S., Kremer, D., Wotruba,
H., Dertmann, C., Telle, R., Friedrich, B., &Knops,
P. (2020). Mechanism of nickel, magnesium, and iron
recovery from olivine bearing ore during leaching with
hydr°Chloric acid including a carbonation pre-treat-
ment. Metals, 10(6), 811.
McKelvy, M. J., Chizmeshya, A. V., Diefenbacher, J.,
Béarat, H., &Wolf, G. (2004). Exploration of the
role of heat activation in enhancing serpentine carbon
sequestration reactions. Environmental science &tech-
nology, 38(24), 6897–6903.
Mun, M., &Cho, H. (2013). Mineral carbonation for
carbon sequestration with industrial waste. Energy
Pr°Cedia, 37, 6999–7005.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Nilsen, D. N., Rush, G.
E., Walters, R. P., &Turner, P. C. (2001). Carbon diox-
ide sequestration: Aqueous mineral carbonation studies
using olivine and serpentine.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Nilsen, D. N., Walters,
R. P., &Turner, P. C. (2000). Carbon dioxide sequestra-
tion by direct mineral carbonation with carbonic acid.
O’Connor, W., Dahlin, D., Rush, G., Gerdemann, S.,
Penner, L., &Nilsen, D. (2005). Aqueous mineral car-
bonation. DOE, US.
O’Connor, W. K., Dahlin, D. C., Rush, G., Dahlin, C. L.,
&Collins, W. K. (2002). Carbon dioxide sequestration
by direct mineral carbonation: process mineralogy of
feed and products. Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration,
19, 95–101.
Oelkers, E. H., Gislason, S. R., &Matter, J. (2008). Mineral
carbonation of CO2. Elements, 4(5), 333–337.
Olajire, A. A. (2013). A review of mineral carbonation tech-
nology in sequestration of CO2. Journal of Petroleum
Science and Engineering, 109, 364–392.