3416 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
approach for securing a stable Li supply chain. The findings
have the potential to significantly impact the Li extraction
industry and contribute to the growing demand for Li in
various applications, including electric vehicles and renew-
able energy storage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Penn State EMS Energy Institute
(EI), Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), Energy
and Environmental Sustainability Laboratories (EESL),
Material Research Institute (MRI) for providing funding
and technical facilities. Sincere appreciation is extended to
Piedmont Lithium Inc. for providing the spodumene sam-
ples and Hertz Lithium Inc for providing funding.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Aal, E.A. 2000. Kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching
of low-grade zinc silicate ore. Hydrometallurgy 55(3):
247−254.
Alhadad, M.F., Oskierski, H.C., Chischi, J., Senanayake,
G. and Dlugogorski, B.Z. 2022. Lithium extraction
from β-spodumene: A comparison of keatite and anal-
cime processes. Hydrometallurgy 105985.
Azevedo, M., Campagnol, N., Hagenbruch, T., Hoffman,
K., Lala, A. and Ramsbottom, O. 2018. Lithium and
Cobalt—a Tale of Two Commodities. McKinsey &
Company June 2018. www.mckinsey.com.
Baki, V.A., Ke, X., Heath, A., Calabria-Holley, J., Terzi, C.
and Sirin, M. 2022. The impact of mechanochemical
activation on the physicochemical properties and poz-
zolanic reactivity of kaolinite, muscovite and montmo-
rillonite. Cement and Concrete Research 162: 106962.
Brahim, J.A., Hak, S.A., Achiou, B., Boulif, R., Beniazza,
R. and Benhida, R. 2022. Kinetics and mechanisms
of leaching of rare earth elements from secondary
resources. Minerals Engineering 177: 107351.
Ding, T., Zheng, M., Peng, S., Lin, Y., Zhang, X. and Li, M.
2023. Lithium extraction from salt lakes with different
hydrochemical types in the Tibet Plateau. Geoscience
Frontiers 14(1): 101485.
Dove, P.M., Han, N., Wallace, A.F. and De Yoreo, J.J.
2008. Kinetics of amorphous silica dissolution and
the paradox of the silica polymorphs. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 105(29): 9903−9908.
Figure 10. X-ray diffractogram of final leach residue after two-stage roasting and water leaching
approach for securing a stable Li supply chain. The findings
have the potential to significantly impact the Li extraction
industry and contribute to the growing demand for Li in
various applications, including electric vehicles and renew-
able energy storage.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Penn State EMS Energy Institute
(EI), Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), Energy
and Environmental Sustainability Laboratories (EESL),
Material Research Institute (MRI) for providing funding
and technical facilities. Sincere appreciation is extended to
Piedmont Lithium Inc. for providing the spodumene sam-
ples and Hertz Lithium Inc for providing funding.
REFERENCES
Abdel-Aal, E.A. 2000. Kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching
of low-grade zinc silicate ore. Hydrometallurgy 55(3):
247−254.
Alhadad, M.F., Oskierski, H.C., Chischi, J., Senanayake,
G. and Dlugogorski, B.Z. 2022. Lithium extraction
from β-spodumene: A comparison of keatite and anal-
cime processes. Hydrometallurgy 105985.
Azevedo, M., Campagnol, N., Hagenbruch, T., Hoffman,
K., Lala, A. and Ramsbottom, O. 2018. Lithium and
Cobalt—a Tale of Two Commodities. McKinsey &
Company June 2018. www.mckinsey.com.
Baki, V.A., Ke, X., Heath, A., Calabria-Holley, J., Terzi, C.
and Sirin, M. 2022. The impact of mechanochemical
activation on the physicochemical properties and poz-
zolanic reactivity of kaolinite, muscovite and montmo-
rillonite. Cement and Concrete Research 162: 106962.
Brahim, J.A., Hak, S.A., Achiou, B., Boulif, R., Beniazza,
R. and Benhida, R. 2022. Kinetics and mechanisms
of leaching of rare earth elements from secondary
resources. Minerals Engineering 177: 107351.
Ding, T., Zheng, M., Peng, S., Lin, Y., Zhang, X. and Li, M.
2023. Lithium extraction from salt lakes with different
hydrochemical types in the Tibet Plateau. Geoscience
Frontiers 14(1): 101485.
Dove, P.M., Han, N., Wallace, A.F. and De Yoreo, J.J.
2008. Kinetics of amorphous silica dissolution and
the paradox of the silica polymorphs. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 105(29): 9903−9908.
Figure 10. X-ray diffractogram of final leach residue after two-stage roasting and water leaching