2898 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
groups. At particle size of over 20μm (Figure 9A), the
recovery probability decreases from muscovite to illite,
biotite, orthoclase, and quartz. This order can only be
observed from 15μm and above (Figure 9B) whereby, the
descending order is consistent with the descending order of
settling velocities of these minerals at the sizes 10μm and
30μm (Table 3). Particles finer than 15μm do not follow
this order, which could potentially be due to agglomeration
issues or higher entrapment potential that fine particles are
more prone to.
CONCLUSION &OUTLOOK
Entrainment is affected by process conditions, be it hydro-
dynamic or reagent concentration. These variables also
interact with each other to produce an overall effect, as
shown in the case of a binary ore. On the other hand, the
results captured by particle-based separation are physically
meaningful as they compare with settling velocities in a cer-
tain range. However, very fine particles behave differently
and need to be explored further.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project has received funding from the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 Marie SklodowskaCurie Actions
(MSCA), Innovative Training Networks (ITN), H2020-
MSCA-ITN-2020 under grant agreement No. 955805.
The authors would also like to thank Mr. Marcel Gurdziel
and Ms. Luisa Paulino for their contributions to the project
with experimental and analytical work.
REFERENCES
Wills, B. A., &Finch, J. (2015, September 1). Wills’ Mineral
Processing Technology. Butterworth-Heinemann.
http://books.google.ie/books?id=uMWcB
A A A Q B A J &p g =P R 4 &d q =%5 C 9 7 8 -0 -0 8
-0970530&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api.
Yu, Y., Ma, L., Cao, M., &Liu, Q. (2017, December).
Slime coatings in froth flotation: A review.
Minerals Engineering, 114, 26–36. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2017.09.002.
Wang, D., &Liu, Q. (2021, June). Influence of aggre-
gation/dispersion state of hydrophilic particles on
their entrainment in fine mineral particle flotation.
Minerals Engineering, 166, 106835. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2021.106835.
Laplante, A. R., Kaya, M., &Smith, H. W. (1989, February
2). The Effect of Froth on Flotation.
Kinetics-A Mass Transfer Approach. Mineral Processing
and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 5(1–4), 147– 168.
doi: 10.1080/08827508908952648.
SMITH, P. G., &WARREN, L. J. (1989, February 2).
Entrainment of Particles into Flotation Froths. Mineral
Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 5(1–4),
123–145. doi: 10.1080/08827508908952647.
Maachar, A., &Dobby, G. S. (1992, July). Measurement
of Feed Water Recovery and Entrainment Solids
Recovery in Flotation Columns. Canadian
Metallurgical Quarterly, 31(3), 167–172. doi: 10.1179
/cmq.1992.31.3.167.
Neethling, S., &Cilliers, J. (2002, March). The entrain-
ment of gangue into a flotation froth. International
Journal of Mineral Processing, 64(2–3), 123–134. doi:
10.1016/s0301-7516(01)00067-9.
Zheng, X., Johnson, N., &Franzidis, J. P. (2006, August).
Modelling of entrainment in industrial flotation cells:
Water recovery and degree of entrainment. Minerals
Engineering, 19(11), 1191–1203. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2005.11.005.
Wang, L., Runge, K., Peng, Y., &Vos, C. (2016, November).
An empirical model for the degree of entrainment
in froth flotation based on particle size and density.
Minerals Engineering, 98, 187–193. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2016.08.025.
Savassi, O., Alexander, D., Franzidis, J., &Manlapig, E.
(1998, March). An empirical model for entrainment in
industrial flotation plants. Minerals Engineering, 11(3),
243–256. doi: 10.1016/s0892-6875(98)00003-x.
Wang, L., Peng, Y., Runge, K., &Bradshaw, D. (2015,
January). A review of entrainment: Mechanisms,
contributing factors and modelling in flotation.
Minerals Engineering, 70, 77–91. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2014.09.003.
Wang, L., Peng, Y., &Runge, K. (2016, January).
Entrainment in froth flotation: The degree of entrain-
ment and its contributing factors. Powder Technology,
288, 202–211. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.049.
Yang, B., Yin, W., Zhu, Z., Wang, D., Han, H., Fu, Y., Sun,
H., Chu, F., &Yao, J. (2019, September). A new model
for the degree of entrainment in froth flotation based
on mineral particle characteristics. Powder Technology,
354, 358–368. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.06.017.
Schubert, H. (1999, April). On the turbulence-controlled
microprocesses in flotation machines. International
Journal of Mineral Processing, 56(1–4), 257–276. doi:
10.1016/s03017516(98)00048-9.
Akdemir, &Sönmez. (2003, June). Investigation of coal
and ash recovery and entrainment in flotation. Fuel
Processing Technology, 82(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1016
/s0378-3820(02)00248-5.
groups. At particle size of over 20μm (Figure 9A), the
recovery probability decreases from muscovite to illite,
biotite, orthoclase, and quartz. This order can only be
observed from 15μm and above (Figure 9B) whereby, the
descending order is consistent with the descending order of
settling velocities of these minerals at the sizes 10μm and
30μm (Table 3). Particles finer than 15μm do not follow
this order, which could potentially be due to agglomeration
issues or higher entrapment potential that fine particles are
more prone to.
CONCLUSION &OUTLOOK
Entrainment is affected by process conditions, be it hydro-
dynamic or reagent concentration. These variables also
interact with each other to produce an overall effect, as
shown in the case of a binary ore. On the other hand, the
results captured by particle-based separation are physically
meaningful as they compare with settling velocities in a cer-
tain range. However, very fine particles behave differently
and need to be explored further.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project has received funding from the European
Union’s Horizon 2020 Marie SklodowskaCurie Actions
(MSCA), Innovative Training Networks (ITN), H2020-
MSCA-ITN-2020 under grant agreement No. 955805.
The authors would also like to thank Mr. Marcel Gurdziel
and Ms. Luisa Paulino for their contributions to the project
with experimental and analytical work.
REFERENCES
Wills, B. A., &Finch, J. (2015, September 1). Wills’ Mineral
Processing Technology. Butterworth-Heinemann.
http://books.google.ie/books?id=uMWcB
A A A Q B A J &p g =P R 4 &d q =%5 C 9 7 8 -0 -0 8
-0970530&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api.
Yu, Y., Ma, L., Cao, M., &Liu, Q. (2017, December).
Slime coatings in froth flotation: A review.
Minerals Engineering, 114, 26–36. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2017.09.002.
Wang, D., &Liu, Q. (2021, June). Influence of aggre-
gation/dispersion state of hydrophilic particles on
their entrainment in fine mineral particle flotation.
Minerals Engineering, 166, 106835. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2021.106835.
Laplante, A. R., Kaya, M., &Smith, H. W. (1989, February
2). The Effect of Froth on Flotation.
Kinetics-A Mass Transfer Approach. Mineral Processing
and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 5(1–4), 147– 168.
doi: 10.1080/08827508908952648.
SMITH, P. G., &WARREN, L. J. (1989, February 2).
Entrainment of Particles into Flotation Froths. Mineral
Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 5(1–4),
123–145. doi: 10.1080/08827508908952647.
Maachar, A., &Dobby, G. S. (1992, July). Measurement
of Feed Water Recovery and Entrainment Solids
Recovery in Flotation Columns. Canadian
Metallurgical Quarterly, 31(3), 167–172. doi: 10.1179
/cmq.1992.31.3.167.
Neethling, S., &Cilliers, J. (2002, March). The entrain-
ment of gangue into a flotation froth. International
Journal of Mineral Processing, 64(2–3), 123–134. doi:
10.1016/s0301-7516(01)00067-9.
Zheng, X., Johnson, N., &Franzidis, J. P. (2006, August).
Modelling of entrainment in industrial flotation cells:
Water recovery and degree of entrainment. Minerals
Engineering, 19(11), 1191–1203. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2005.11.005.
Wang, L., Runge, K., Peng, Y., &Vos, C. (2016, November).
An empirical model for the degree of entrainment
in froth flotation based on particle size and density.
Minerals Engineering, 98, 187–193. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2016.08.025.
Savassi, O., Alexander, D., Franzidis, J., &Manlapig, E.
(1998, March). An empirical model for entrainment in
industrial flotation plants. Minerals Engineering, 11(3),
243–256. doi: 10.1016/s0892-6875(98)00003-x.
Wang, L., Peng, Y., Runge, K., &Bradshaw, D. (2015,
January). A review of entrainment: Mechanisms,
contributing factors and modelling in flotation.
Minerals Engineering, 70, 77–91. doi: 10.1016
/j.mineng.2014.09.003.
Wang, L., Peng, Y., &Runge, K. (2016, January).
Entrainment in froth flotation: The degree of entrain-
ment and its contributing factors. Powder Technology,
288, 202–211. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.10.049.
Yang, B., Yin, W., Zhu, Z., Wang, D., Han, H., Fu, Y., Sun,
H., Chu, F., &Yao, J. (2019, September). A new model
for the degree of entrainment in froth flotation based
on mineral particle characteristics. Powder Technology,
354, 358–368. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.06.017.
Schubert, H. (1999, April). On the turbulence-controlled
microprocesses in flotation machines. International
Journal of Mineral Processing, 56(1–4), 257–276. doi:
10.1016/s03017516(98)00048-9.
Akdemir, &Sönmez. (2003, June). Investigation of coal
and ash recovery and entrainment in flotation. Fuel
Processing Technology, 82(1), 1–9. doi: 10.1016
/s0378-3820(02)00248-5.