XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 2261
202 for Algae P. Subcapitata and Daphnia Magna, respec-
tively. The results showed that in comparison to the toxicity
of the etherdiamines, new alkylesteramines were 25 times
less toxic towards Daphnia and 1.8 times towards Algae. In
comparison to the etheramines, the toxicity was lower 3.7
and 5 times, respectively.
Simulations
To get more insight into the micellization of the investi-
gated molecules, molecular dynamics simulations were
performed. The results are presented in Figure 4: a) isodec-
yloxypropylamine and b) isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate. In
both cases, the surfactants form spherical micelles of similar
size. One can see that for both surfactants, the oxygen link-
ages (the ether bond of isodecyloxypropylamine and the
ester bond of isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate) are located on
the surface of the micelle, while the amine groups protrude
into the water phase. Since the linkage between oxygen and
the amine group is longer for isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate,
this effect is more pronounced for isodecyl-6-aminohex-
anoate micelles, which results in more “hairy” micelle.
CONCLUSIONS
A new primary amine group family containing surfactants
with a labile ester bond has been developed. The new sur-
factants showed very good flotation performance. Alkyl
esteramines showed outstanding environmental proper-
ties: 60% biodegradation in 19 days and reduced toxic-
ity towards aquatic organisms by 2–25 times depending
on aquatic species and in comparison to the state-of-the-
art collectors. The results of the self-assembly simulation
Table 3. Height of the froth after air supply stopped (%)
Surfactant
Isodecyloxyprolylamine
(Partly Neutralized by Acetic Acid)
Isodecyl-6-
Aminohexanoate
Sulphate
2-Ethylhexyl-6-
Aminohexanoate
Sulphate
Time (s)
Dosage, g/t Dosage, g/t Dosage, g/t
40 60 80 80
0 100 100 100 100
20 100 79 68 55
40 100 42 36 32
60 100 11 18 9
80 100 0 9 0
100 100 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Days
isodecanol etheramine isotridecanol etheramine
isooctanol-6-aminohexanoate PEPQ
Required
Biodegradability
minimum (60%)
Figure 3. Biodegradability vs time for four different cationic surfactants
Biodegradabili
%
202 for Algae P. Subcapitata and Daphnia Magna, respec-
tively. The results showed that in comparison to the toxicity
of the etherdiamines, new alkylesteramines were 25 times
less toxic towards Daphnia and 1.8 times towards Algae. In
comparison to the etheramines, the toxicity was lower 3.7
and 5 times, respectively.
Simulations
To get more insight into the micellization of the investi-
gated molecules, molecular dynamics simulations were
performed. The results are presented in Figure 4: a) isodec-
yloxypropylamine and b) isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate. In
both cases, the surfactants form spherical micelles of similar
size. One can see that for both surfactants, the oxygen link-
ages (the ether bond of isodecyloxypropylamine and the
ester bond of isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate) are located on
the surface of the micelle, while the amine groups protrude
into the water phase. Since the linkage between oxygen and
the amine group is longer for isodecyl-6-aminohexanoate,
this effect is more pronounced for isodecyl-6-aminohex-
anoate micelles, which results in more “hairy” micelle.
CONCLUSIONS
A new primary amine group family containing surfactants
with a labile ester bond has been developed. The new sur-
factants showed very good flotation performance. Alkyl
esteramines showed outstanding environmental proper-
ties: 60% biodegradation in 19 days and reduced toxic-
ity towards aquatic organisms by 2–25 times depending
on aquatic species and in comparison to the state-of-the-
art collectors. The results of the self-assembly simulation
Table 3. Height of the froth after air supply stopped (%)
Surfactant
Isodecyloxyprolylamine
(Partly Neutralized by Acetic Acid)
Isodecyl-6-
Aminohexanoate
Sulphate
2-Ethylhexyl-6-
Aminohexanoate
Sulphate
Time (s)
Dosage, g/t Dosage, g/t Dosage, g/t
40 60 80 80
0 100 100 100 100
20 100 79 68 55
40 100 42 36 32
60 100 11 18 9
80 100 0 9 0
100 100 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Days
isodecanol etheramine isotridecanol etheramine
isooctanol-6-aminohexanoate PEPQ
Required
Biodegradability
minimum (60%)
Figure 3. Biodegradability vs time for four different cationic surfactants
Biodegradabili
%