9
For the visibility of geologic features and lithology
changes, the dust in the freshly drilled borehole covers the
true geologic features for geologic mapping and has signifi-
cant adverse effects on the visualization and identification
of geologic features and lithology changes. In comparison,
water has significant and favorable influence on the visibil-
ity of geologic features and lithology changes by increasing
the color contrast between different rock layers, accentuat-
ing the differences in grain size and porosity of adjacent
lithologies, and removing the rock dust covering borehole
walls. The boreholes after washing and drying can show the
geologic features clearly, but it is difficult to identify lithol-
ogy change because of the similar colors of coal measures
rocks.
In summary, the presence of dust has a negligible influ-
ence on the image stitching process and has significantly
adverse influence on the visibility of geologic features and
lithology changes, while the image stitching process can
be significantly affected by the presence of water on the
borehole walls, which in turn helps in identifying lithol-
ogy change. The preliminary findings from this study dem-
onstrate that borehole conditions can affect the geologic
mapping through panoramic borehole images, and further
studies expanding the conditions may leads towards the
identification of optimum borescoping conditions.
LIMITATIONS
The study was limited to the three videos recorded in the
same borehole which mainly consists of shale and the con-
clusions are valid only for the conditions within the scope
of the study. Further studies with different rock types with
repeatability would have to occur before more evidence
can be provided towards optimum conditions for geologic
mapping through panoramic borehole images. Also, the
conclusions were drawn based on the use of the IPLEX GX
video borescope from Olympus America. The applicability
of the conclusions to other borescopes needs to be further
verified.
DISCLAIMER
The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official posi-
tion of the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Mention of any company or product
does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH.
REFERENCES
[1] Bahrampour S, Rostami J, Ray A, et al (2015)
Ground characterization and roof mapping: Online
sensor signal-based change detection. Int J Min
Sci Technol 25:905–913. https://doi.org/10.1016
/j.ijmst.2015.09.005.
[2] Cao M, Deng Z, Rai L, et al (2018) Generating pan-
oramic unfolded image from borehole video acquired
through APBT. Multimed Tools Appl 77:25149–
25179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5779-x.
[3] Deng Z, Cao M, Geng Y, Rai L (2019) Generating
a cylindrical panorama from a forward-looking bore-
hole video for borehole condition analysis. Appl Sci
9:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163437.
[4] Deng Z, Song S, Han S, et al (2023) Geological bore-
hole eideo image stitching method based on local
homography matrix offset optimization. Sensors 23:.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020632.
[5] Han Z, Wang C, Wang C, et al (2020) A proposed
method for determining in-situ stress from borehole
breakout based on borehole stereo-pair imaging tech-
nique. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 127:104215. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104215.
[6] Iannacchione AT, Prosser LJ, Esterhuizen GS,
Bajpayee T (2006a) Assessing roof fall hazards for
underground stone mines: a proposed methodology.
2006 SME Annu Meet Exhib 1–9.
[7] Iannacchione AT, Schilling S, Goodwin T (2006b)
Field verification of the roof fall risk index :a method
to assess strata conditions. 25th Int Conf Gr Control
Min 128–137.
[8] Liu W, Rostami J, Elsworth D, Ray A (2018)
Application of Composite Indices for Improving Joint
Detection Capabilities of Instrumented Roof Bolt
Drills in Underground Mining and Construction.
Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:849–860. https://doi
.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1359-z.
[9] Ma B, Ban X, Huang H, et al (2019) A fast algorithm
for material image sequential stitching. Comput
Mater Sci 158:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016
/j.commatsci.2018.10.044.
[10] Niu C, Zhong F, Xu S, et al (2011) Creating cylin-
drical panoramic mosaic from a pipeline video. Proc
-12th Int Conf Comput Des Comput Graph CAD/
Graphics 2011 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1109/
CAD/Graphics.2011.32.
[11] Olympus IPLEX GX/GT. https://www.olympus-ims
.com/en/rvi-products/iplex-gx/.
[12] Peng S (2005) Evaluation of Roof Bolting
Requirements Based on In-Mine Roof Bolter Drilling.
[13] Wang C, Wang Y, Zou X, et al (2018) Study of a
borehole panoramic stereopair imaging system. Int
For the visibility of geologic features and lithology
changes, the dust in the freshly drilled borehole covers the
true geologic features for geologic mapping and has signifi-
cant adverse effects on the visualization and identification
of geologic features and lithology changes. In comparison,
water has significant and favorable influence on the visibil-
ity of geologic features and lithology changes by increasing
the color contrast between different rock layers, accentuat-
ing the differences in grain size and porosity of adjacent
lithologies, and removing the rock dust covering borehole
walls. The boreholes after washing and drying can show the
geologic features clearly, but it is difficult to identify lithol-
ogy change because of the similar colors of coal measures
rocks.
In summary, the presence of dust has a negligible influ-
ence on the image stitching process and has significantly
adverse influence on the visibility of geologic features and
lithology changes, while the image stitching process can
be significantly affected by the presence of water on the
borehole walls, which in turn helps in identifying lithol-
ogy change. The preliminary findings from this study dem-
onstrate that borehole conditions can affect the geologic
mapping through panoramic borehole images, and further
studies expanding the conditions may leads towards the
identification of optimum borescoping conditions.
LIMITATIONS
The study was limited to the three videos recorded in the
same borehole which mainly consists of shale and the con-
clusions are valid only for the conditions within the scope
of the study. Further studies with different rock types with
repeatability would have to occur before more evidence
can be provided towards optimum conditions for geologic
mapping through panoramic borehole images. Also, the
conclusions were drawn based on the use of the IPLEX GX
video borescope from Olympus America. The applicability
of the conclusions to other borescopes needs to be further
verified.
DISCLAIMER
The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the official posi-
tion of the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Mention of any company or product
does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH.
REFERENCES
[1] Bahrampour S, Rostami J, Ray A, et al (2015)
Ground characterization and roof mapping: Online
sensor signal-based change detection. Int J Min
Sci Technol 25:905–913. https://doi.org/10.1016
/j.ijmst.2015.09.005.
[2] Cao M, Deng Z, Rai L, et al (2018) Generating pan-
oramic unfolded image from borehole video acquired
through APBT. Multimed Tools Appl 77:25149–
25179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5779-x.
[3] Deng Z, Cao M, Geng Y, Rai L (2019) Generating
a cylindrical panorama from a forward-looking bore-
hole video for borehole condition analysis. Appl Sci
9:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163437.
[4] Deng Z, Song S, Han S, et al (2023) Geological bore-
hole eideo image stitching method based on local
homography matrix offset optimization. Sensors 23:.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020632.
[5] Han Z, Wang C, Wang C, et al (2020) A proposed
method for determining in-situ stress from borehole
breakout based on borehole stereo-pair imaging tech-
nique. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 127:104215. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104215.
[6] Iannacchione AT, Prosser LJ, Esterhuizen GS,
Bajpayee T (2006a) Assessing roof fall hazards for
underground stone mines: a proposed methodology.
2006 SME Annu Meet Exhib 1–9.
[7] Iannacchione AT, Schilling S, Goodwin T (2006b)
Field verification of the roof fall risk index :a method
to assess strata conditions. 25th Int Conf Gr Control
Min 128–137.
[8] Liu W, Rostami J, Elsworth D, Ray A (2018)
Application of Composite Indices for Improving Joint
Detection Capabilities of Instrumented Roof Bolt
Drills in Underground Mining and Construction.
Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:849–860. https://doi
.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1359-z.
[9] Ma B, Ban X, Huang H, et al (2019) A fast algorithm
for material image sequential stitching. Comput
Mater Sci 158:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016
/j.commatsci.2018.10.044.
[10] Niu C, Zhong F, Xu S, et al (2011) Creating cylin-
drical panoramic mosaic from a pipeline video. Proc
-12th Int Conf Comput Des Comput Graph CAD/
Graphics 2011 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1109/
CAD/Graphics.2011.32.
[11] Olympus IPLEX GX/GT. https://www.olympus-ims
.com/en/rvi-products/iplex-gx/.
[12] Peng S (2005) Evaluation of Roof Bolting
Requirements Based on In-Mine Roof Bolter Drilling.
[13] Wang C, Wang Y, Zou X, et al (2018) Study of a
borehole panoramic stereopair imaging system. Int