6
Compressive Strength Test
Purpose: Assessing the load-bearing capacity. The applied
standards while measuring the Compressive Strength of
produced foams are ASTM D1021, GB8813-88, GB/T
8813–2008, GB/T 8811-2008, ASTM D1621, ASTM
D6226, CMT6303.
Flexural Strength Test
Purpose: Evaluates resistance to bending. Applied standards
while measuring the Flexural Strength of produced foams
are GB/T 8812.1–2007, ASTM C203, ISO 178.
Pulverization (Brittleness) Test
Purpose: Measures foam’s resistance to fragmentation.
Applied standards ASTM C421.
Other Physical Properties
Lap shear testing was performed in accordance with ASTM
C273. Relative susceptibility to the pendulum-type impact
load with ASTM standard D256. Viscosity ISO 3219-1993.
Chemical Properties
LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) Test – Flammability Test
Purpose: Determines minimum oxygen concentration
required for combustion. Applied standards are ASTM
D2863, GB/T 2406, GB/T 2406–1993.
Thermal Conductivity Test
Purpose: Measures insulation performance. Applied stan-
dards are ASTM C518, ISO 830.
Other Chemical Properties
Solids contents ISO 760-1978, residual formaldehyde con-
tent ISO 9397-1995, residual phenol content gas chroma-
tography method according to ISO 8974-2002, the vertical
burning, UL94, test according to ASTM D3801, combus-
tion parameters test according to ISO 5660-1.
APPLICATION OF PHENOLIC FOAMS IN
MINING INDUSTRY
In (W. Lu et al., 2022), a detailed review is given for the
filling and plugging materials used in control of coal spon-
taneous combustion in terms of performance and environ-
mental aspects. In this study, advantages of phenolic foams
are listed as low smoke, high temperature resistance, refrac-
tory, good insulation performance, good dimensional sta-
bility, low thermal conductivity. Disadvantages of phenolic
foams are listed as, brittle, fragile, weak adhesion, high cost
and carcinogenic wastewater generation.
In (X. Lu et al., 2015) a novel approach for using foams
for extinguishing coal fires using in open pit mines is pre-
sented. Researchers defined the optimum operating condi-
tions of foaming systems as the water flow rate is controlled
at 4.0 m3/h and water pressure is 1.2 MPa. The nitrogen
flow rate is 400 m3/h, and nitrogen pressure is 0.2 MPa.
Table 1. Effects of additive materials and physical properties of phenolic foams
Sample Code
Tensile
Strength (MPa)
Elongation at
Break (%)
Impact Strength
(kJ m–2)
Increase in
UCS (%)
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
Phenolic resin (40 wt% polyamide at
100°C) Conventional Synthesis
15.4 380 1.6 — —
Microwave Synthesis Phenolic resin (40
wt% polyamide at 100°C)
16.8 384 1.8 — —
Phenolic Foam
+Whisker Silicion (%0.2)
— — — 47% —
Lignin Based Phenolic Foam
+Whisker Silicon (%0.6)
— — — 81.10% —
Phenol Urea Formaldehyde Foam — — — — 0.1
Phenol Formaldehyde Foam — — — 20% 0.12
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+Organosolv Lignin
99 ± 5 — — — —
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+Kraft Lignin
93 ± 2 — — — —
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+hexamethylene tetramine
109 ± 4 — — — —
Compressive Strength Test
Purpose: Assessing the load-bearing capacity. The applied
standards while measuring the Compressive Strength of
produced foams are ASTM D1021, GB8813-88, GB/T
8813–2008, GB/T 8811-2008, ASTM D1621, ASTM
D6226, CMT6303.
Flexural Strength Test
Purpose: Evaluates resistance to bending. Applied standards
while measuring the Flexural Strength of produced foams
are GB/T 8812.1–2007, ASTM C203, ISO 178.
Pulverization (Brittleness) Test
Purpose: Measures foam’s resistance to fragmentation.
Applied standards ASTM C421.
Other Physical Properties
Lap shear testing was performed in accordance with ASTM
C273. Relative susceptibility to the pendulum-type impact
load with ASTM standard D256. Viscosity ISO 3219-1993.
Chemical Properties
LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) Test – Flammability Test
Purpose: Determines minimum oxygen concentration
required for combustion. Applied standards are ASTM
D2863, GB/T 2406, GB/T 2406–1993.
Thermal Conductivity Test
Purpose: Measures insulation performance. Applied stan-
dards are ASTM C518, ISO 830.
Other Chemical Properties
Solids contents ISO 760-1978, residual formaldehyde con-
tent ISO 9397-1995, residual phenol content gas chroma-
tography method according to ISO 8974-2002, the vertical
burning, UL94, test according to ASTM D3801, combus-
tion parameters test according to ISO 5660-1.
APPLICATION OF PHENOLIC FOAMS IN
MINING INDUSTRY
In (W. Lu et al., 2022), a detailed review is given for the
filling and plugging materials used in control of coal spon-
taneous combustion in terms of performance and environ-
mental aspects. In this study, advantages of phenolic foams
are listed as low smoke, high temperature resistance, refrac-
tory, good insulation performance, good dimensional sta-
bility, low thermal conductivity. Disadvantages of phenolic
foams are listed as, brittle, fragile, weak adhesion, high cost
and carcinogenic wastewater generation.
In (X. Lu et al., 2015) a novel approach for using foams
for extinguishing coal fires using in open pit mines is pre-
sented. Researchers defined the optimum operating condi-
tions of foaming systems as the water flow rate is controlled
at 4.0 m3/h and water pressure is 1.2 MPa. The nitrogen
flow rate is 400 m3/h, and nitrogen pressure is 0.2 MPa.
Table 1. Effects of additive materials and physical properties of phenolic foams
Sample Code
Tensile
Strength (MPa)
Elongation at
Break (%)
Impact Strength
(kJ m–2)
Increase in
UCS (%)
Compressive
Strength (MPa)
Phenolic resin (40 wt% polyamide at
100°C) Conventional Synthesis
15.4 380 1.6 — —
Microwave Synthesis Phenolic resin (40
wt% polyamide at 100°C)
16.8 384 1.8 — —
Phenolic Foam
+Whisker Silicion (%0.2)
— — — 47% —
Lignin Based Phenolic Foam
+Whisker Silicon (%0.6)
— — — 81.10% —
Phenol Urea Formaldehyde Foam — — — — 0.1
Phenol Formaldehyde Foam — — — 20% 0.12
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+Organosolv Lignin
99 ± 5 — — — —
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+Kraft Lignin
93 ± 2 — — — —
formaldehyde-free phenolic resin
+hexamethylene tetramine
109 ± 4 — — — —