3
(AirFlow Catalyst Systems, Model MinNoDOC) (Engine
4 -DOC), and (3) retrofitted with full flow DPF system
(NETT Technologies, Model Green Trap 1100) (Engine 4
-DPF). The emissions for Engine 4 are comparable to those
of the relatively large number of diesel engines currently
used in underground mining powertrains (9).
The engines were evaluated using ultra-low sulfur die-
sel fuels from two batches with properties shown in Table 2.
The DEF (32.5 percent urea) was used in Engine 4.
The emissions were characterized for four steady-state
engine operating conditions (Table 3) achieved using a
400-kW, water-cooled, eddy-current dynamometer (SAJ,
AE400). The additional tests were performed for Engine
1 and Engine 3 to obtain better insight into the effects of
the catalyzed devices on the NO2 emissions as a function
of exhaust temperature (78,79). Those data were gathered
for the range of exhaust temperatures achieved by operating
the engines at the engine-specific intermediate and rated
speeds while gradually increasing loads to those engines.
The aerosol sampling and measurements were per-
formed downstream of the two-stage partial dilution sys-
tem (Dekati, Tampere, Finland, Model FPS4000) in the
exhaust diluted nominally 30 times. The carbon analysis
was performed on the triplicate filter samples collected
using the custom-made sampling system. The samples were
collected on the tandem 37-mm quartz fiber filters (QFFs,
Pall Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, 2500QAT-UP) enclosed
in five-piece cassettes (SKC, Eighty Four, PA, 225-3050LF
and 225-304).
To minimize organic carbon (OC) contamination of
the media, the QFFs were pre-baked at 800 °C for 4 hours.
A nominal sampling flow rate of 12.0 lpm was maintained
Table 1. The engines evaluated in this study
Designation Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3 Engine 4
Manufacturer and Model Deutz TD2.9 L4 Kubota D1803-CR-T-
E4B
Mercedes Benz OM934
LA
Mercedes Benz OM
904 LA
Configuration I‑4 I‑3 I‑4 I‑4
Displacement [l] 2.9 1.8 5.1 4.3
Rated Power [kW] @
Engine Speed [rpm]
55 @2600 37 @2700 129 @2200 130 @2200
Rated Torque [Nm] @
Engine Speed [rpm]
260 @1600–1800 150 @1600 750 @1400 675 @1400
Aspiration Turbocharged Turbocharged Turbocharged Turbocharged
Exhaust Gas Recirculation Cooled Cooled Cooled Cooled
Exhaust Aftertreatment DOC DOC/DPF DOC/SCR/ASC Muffler
DOC
DPF
Crankcase breather Closed and filtered Closed and filtered Closed Open
EPA Emission Standard Tier 4 final Tier 4 final Tier 4 final Tier 2
EPA PM Emission
Standard [g/kW-hr]
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.3
MSHA approval No No 07-ENA190006 7E-B098
MSHA ventilation rate
[m3/h]
N/A N/A 10,194 12,743
Table 2. Properties of fuels used in the study
Property Unit Engine 1 and 4 Engine 2 and 3
API gravity ⁰API 39.00 34.30
Specific Gravity -0.83 0.85
Aromatics %volume 21.70 29.10
Olefins %volume 3.10 1.00
Paraffins %volume 75.20 69.90
Cetane number — 47.30 43.70
Flash Point K 340 331
Heat of Combustion MJ/kg 45.90 46.00
Sulfur content %weight 5.60 6.90
(AirFlow Catalyst Systems, Model MinNoDOC) (Engine
4 -DOC), and (3) retrofitted with full flow DPF system
(NETT Technologies, Model Green Trap 1100) (Engine 4
-DPF). The emissions for Engine 4 are comparable to those
of the relatively large number of diesel engines currently
used in underground mining powertrains (9).
The engines were evaluated using ultra-low sulfur die-
sel fuels from two batches with properties shown in Table 2.
The DEF (32.5 percent urea) was used in Engine 4.
The emissions were characterized for four steady-state
engine operating conditions (Table 3) achieved using a
400-kW, water-cooled, eddy-current dynamometer (SAJ,
AE400). The additional tests were performed for Engine
1 and Engine 3 to obtain better insight into the effects of
the catalyzed devices on the NO2 emissions as a function
of exhaust temperature (78,79). Those data were gathered
for the range of exhaust temperatures achieved by operating
the engines at the engine-specific intermediate and rated
speeds while gradually increasing loads to those engines.
The aerosol sampling and measurements were per-
formed downstream of the two-stage partial dilution sys-
tem (Dekati, Tampere, Finland, Model FPS4000) in the
exhaust diluted nominally 30 times. The carbon analysis
was performed on the triplicate filter samples collected
using the custom-made sampling system. The samples were
collected on the tandem 37-mm quartz fiber filters (QFFs,
Pall Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, 2500QAT-UP) enclosed
in five-piece cassettes (SKC, Eighty Four, PA, 225-3050LF
and 225-304).
To minimize organic carbon (OC) contamination of
the media, the QFFs were pre-baked at 800 °C for 4 hours.
A nominal sampling flow rate of 12.0 lpm was maintained
Table 1. The engines evaluated in this study
Designation Engine 1 Engine 2 Engine 3 Engine 4
Manufacturer and Model Deutz TD2.9 L4 Kubota D1803-CR-T-
E4B
Mercedes Benz OM934
LA
Mercedes Benz OM
904 LA
Configuration I‑4 I‑3 I‑4 I‑4
Displacement [l] 2.9 1.8 5.1 4.3
Rated Power [kW] @
Engine Speed [rpm]
55 @2600 37 @2700 129 @2200 130 @2200
Rated Torque [Nm] @
Engine Speed [rpm]
260 @1600–1800 150 @1600 750 @1400 675 @1400
Aspiration Turbocharged Turbocharged Turbocharged Turbocharged
Exhaust Gas Recirculation Cooled Cooled Cooled Cooled
Exhaust Aftertreatment DOC DOC/DPF DOC/SCR/ASC Muffler
DOC
DPF
Crankcase breather Closed and filtered Closed and filtered Closed Open
EPA Emission Standard Tier 4 final Tier 4 final Tier 4 final Tier 2
EPA PM Emission
Standard [g/kW-hr]
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.3
MSHA approval No No 07-ENA190006 7E-B098
MSHA ventilation rate
[m3/h]
N/A N/A 10,194 12,743
Table 2. Properties of fuels used in the study
Property Unit Engine 1 and 4 Engine 2 and 3
API gravity ⁰API 39.00 34.30
Specific Gravity -0.83 0.85
Aromatics %volume 21.70 29.10
Olefins %volume 3.10 1.00
Paraffins %volume 75.20 69.90
Cetane number — 47.30 43.70
Flash Point K 340 331
Heat of Combustion MJ/kg 45.90 46.00
Sulfur content %weight 5.60 6.90