3936 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
breakage behavior of slag particles. The optical examina-
tion of fractured slag particles identified four fragmentation
types, shedding light on the diverse outcomes of the break-
age process. Notably, the correlation between force-distance
curves and optical examination enriches the understand-
ing of the internal dynamics during breakage events. The
overlap in pore distributions and sphericity post-breakage
underscores the brittle nature of the slag. However, the lack
of preferential crack paths through pores suggests a random
breakage mechanism. The dendritic structure’s impact on
breakage behavior suggests a need for larger, isolated target
phase structures to overcome partial volume effects. The
proposed methodology for future investigations involves
preparing target phase structures that are larger and less
intertwined within the matrix, facilitating a more detailed
analysis of their influence on breakage behavior.
Additionally, the potential influence of a brittle break-
age behavior in materials predominantly composed of min-
erals, such as slag, suggests the need for further investigations
at smaller scales. Future experiments may involve preparing
smaller particles to achieve higher resolutions, allowing for
a microscopic examination of breakage mechanisms.
In conclusion, this study contributes to the under-
standing of slag particle breakage behavior, providing a
foundation for future research aimed at optimizing mate-
rial properties and designing effective processing strategies.
The developed methodologies offer valuable tools for char-
acterizing and predicting breakage events in slag and similar
materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research presented herein was supported by grants
from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant number 470551727) and is
part of the priority program 2315, “Engineered Artificial
Minerals (EnAM): A Geo-Metallurgical Tool to recycle
critical elements from waste streams”. The responsibility for
the contents of this publication lies with the authors. The
authors would like to thank all colleagues in the department
of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing,
TU Bergakademie Freiberg for all their support.
REFERENCES
Binnemans, K., Jones, P. T., Blanpain, B., Van Gerven, T.
and Pontikes, Y. 2015. Towards zero-waste valorisation
of rare-earth-containing industrial process residues: a
critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production 9917-38.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.089.
Buchmann, M., Borowski, N., Leißner, T., Heinig, T.,
Reuter, M. A., Friedrich, B. and Peuker, U. A. 2020.
Evaluation of Recyclability of a WEEE Slag by Means
of Integrative X-Ray Computer Tomography and
SEM-Based Image Analysis. Minerals 10(4): doi:
10.3390/min10040309.
Curran, T. and Williams, I. D. 2012. A zero waste vision
for industrial networks in Europe. J Hazard Mater 207-
2083-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.122.
European Commission, D.-G. f. I. M., Industry,
Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Grohol, M, Veeh, C 2023.
Study on the critical raw materials for the EU 2023 –
Final report. Publications Office of the European
Union.
Gaudin, A. 1940. Principles of Mineral Dressing. By A. M.
Gaudin. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 44(4):532–
533. doi: 10.1021/j150400a020.
Kaya, M. 2016. Recovery of metals and nonmetals from
electronic waste by physical and chemical recycling pro-
cesses. Waste Manag 5764–90. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman
.2016.08.004.
King, R. P. and Schneider, C. L. 1998. Mineral libera-
tion and the batch communition equation. Minerals
Engineering 11(12):1143–1160. doi: 10.1016/s0892
-6875(98)00102-2.
Maire, E., Bordreuil, C., Babout, L. and Boyer, J.-C. 2005.
Damage initiation and growth in metals. Comparison
between modelling and tomography experi-
ments. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
53(11):2411–2434. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2005.06.005.
Martinelli, G., Plescia, P., Tempesta, E., Paris, E. and
Gallucci, F. 2020. Fracture Analysis of α-Quartz
Crystals Subjected to Shear Stress. Minerals 10(10):870.
Popov, O., Talovina, I., Lieberwirth, H. and Duriagina, A.
2020. Quantitative Microstructural Analysis and
X-ray Computed Tomography of Ores and Rocks—
Comparison of Results. Minerals 10(2): doi: 10.3390
/min10020129.
Rachmawati, C., Weiss, J., Lucas, H. I., Löwer, E.,
Leißner, T., Ebert, D., Möckel, R., Friedrich, B. and
Peuker, U. A. 2024. Characterisation of the Grain
Morphology of Artificial Minerals (EnAMs) in Lithium
Slags by Correlating Multi-Dimensional 2D and 3D
Methods. Minerals 14(2): doi: 10.3390/min14020130.
Ramandi, H. L., Mostaghimi, P., Armstrong, R. T.,
Saadatfar, M. and Pinczewski, W. V. 2016. Porosity
and permeability characterization of coal: a micro-
computed tomography study. International Journal of
Coal Geology 154-15557-68. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2015
.10.001.
breakage behavior of slag particles. The optical examina-
tion of fractured slag particles identified four fragmentation
types, shedding light on the diverse outcomes of the break-
age process. Notably, the correlation between force-distance
curves and optical examination enriches the understand-
ing of the internal dynamics during breakage events. The
overlap in pore distributions and sphericity post-breakage
underscores the brittle nature of the slag. However, the lack
of preferential crack paths through pores suggests a random
breakage mechanism. The dendritic structure’s impact on
breakage behavior suggests a need for larger, isolated target
phase structures to overcome partial volume effects. The
proposed methodology for future investigations involves
preparing target phase structures that are larger and less
intertwined within the matrix, facilitating a more detailed
analysis of their influence on breakage behavior.
Additionally, the potential influence of a brittle break-
age behavior in materials predominantly composed of min-
erals, such as slag, suggests the need for further investigations
at smaller scales. Future experiments may involve preparing
smaller particles to achieve higher resolutions, allowing for
a microscopic examination of breakage mechanisms.
In conclusion, this study contributes to the under-
standing of slag particle breakage behavior, providing a
foundation for future research aimed at optimizing mate-
rial properties and designing effective processing strategies.
The developed methodologies offer valuable tools for char-
acterizing and predicting breakage events in slag and similar
materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research presented herein was supported by grants
from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, grant number 470551727) and is
part of the priority program 2315, “Engineered Artificial
Minerals (EnAM): A Geo-Metallurgical Tool to recycle
critical elements from waste streams”. The responsibility for
the contents of this publication lies with the authors. The
authors would like to thank all colleagues in the department
of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing,
TU Bergakademie Freiberg for all their support.
REFERENCES
Binnemans, K., Jones, P. T., Blanpain, B., Van Gerven, T.
and Pontikes, Y. 2015. Towards zero-waste valorisation
of rare-earth-containing industrial process residues: a
critical review. Journal of Cleaner Production 9917-38.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.089.
Buchmann, M., Borowski, N., Leißner, T., Heinig, T.,
Reuter, M. A., Friedrich, B. and Peuker, U. A. 2020.
Evaluation of Recyclability of a WEEE Slag by Means
of Integrative X-Ray Computer Tomography and
SEM-Based Image Analysis. Minerals 10(4): doi:
10.3390/min10040309.
Curran, T. and Williams, I. D. 2012. A zero waste vision
for industrial networks in Europe. J Hazard Mater 207-
2083-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.122.
European Commission, D.-G. f. I. M., Industry,
Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Grohol, M, Veeh, C 2023.
Study on the critical raw materials for the EU 2023 –
Final report. Publications Office of the European
Union.
Gaudin, A. 1940. Principles of Mineral Dressing. By A. M.
Gaudin. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 44(4):532–
533. doi: 10.1021/j150400a020.
Kaya, M. 2016. Recovery of metals and nonmetals from
electronic waste by physical and chemical recycling pro-
cesses. Waste Manag 5764–90. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman
.2016.08.004.
King, R. P. and Schneider, C. L. 1998. Mineral libera-
tion and the batch communition equation. Minerals
Engineering 11(12):1143–1160. doi: 10.1016/s0892
-6875(98)00102-2.
Maire, E., Bordreuil, C., Babout, L. and Boyer, J.-C. 2005.
Damage initiation and growth in metals. Comparison
between modelling and tomography experi-
ments. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
53(11):2411–2434. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2005.06.005.
Martinelli, G., Plescia, P., Tempesta, E., Paris, E. and
Gallucci, F. 2020. Fracture Analysis of α-Quartz
Crystals Subjected to Shear Stress. Minerals 10(10):870.
Popov, O., Talovina, I., Lieberwirth, H. and Duriagina, A.
2020. Quantitative Microstructural Analysis and
X-ray Computed Tomography of Ores and Rocks—
Comparison of Results. Minerals 10(2): doi: 10.3390
/min10020129.
Rachmawati, C., Weiss, J., Lucas, H. I., Löwer, E.,
Leißner, T., Ebert, D., Möckel, R., Friedrich, B. and
Peuker, U. A. 2024. Characterisation of the Grain
Morphology of Artificial Minerals (EnAMs) in Lithium
Slags by Correlating Multi-Dimensional 2D and 3D
Methods. Minerals 14(2): doi: 10.3390/min14020130.
Ramandi, H. L., Mostaghimi, P., Armstrong, R. T.,
Saadatfar, M. and Pinczewski, W. V. 2016. Porosity
and permeability characterization of coal: a micro-
computed tomography study. International Journal of
Coal Geology 154-15557-68. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2015
.10.001.