3932 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
particle. At the first breakage event, first cracks or fractur-
ing of the particle’s protruding edges which are in contact
with the crushing tool, can occur. This stage only needs
low forces that are sufficient to cause particle changes.
Conversely, at the maximum breakage event, the particle
either breaks completely and audible, or a visible, large
crack can be observed. On average, the mean difference
between the breakage forces of the first and maximum
breakage event is at 54 N, with a maximum difference of
135 N where the visible breakage of the particle is expected.
Since the mean breakage force of the first breakage event is
very low, it can be challenging to develop a workflow for
XCT measurements based on this value without overstress-
ing the particle beyond the first peak in the force-distance
curve. The present value is not suitable for describing a par-
ticle breakage that occurs entirely within the particle itself.
Table 1. X-ray tomography measurement and reconstruction settings during in-situ compression
Measurement Settings F =5 N F =100 N Broken State
source distance in mm 70 70 70
detector distance in mm 200 200 200
optical magnification 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.4 x
acceleration voltage in kV 80 80 80
electrical power in W 7 7 7
source filter (Zeiss standard) LE4 LE4 LE4
voxel size in µm 17.8 17.8 17.8
camera binning 2 2 2
number of projections 1601 1601 1601
exposure time (s) 5 5 5
angle range (°) 360 360 360
Reconstruction Settings Parameter Parameter Parameter
reconstruction algorithm FBP FBP FBP
center shift –0.866 –0.866 –0.866
defect correction none none none
byte scaling (–0.003670, 0.0411) (–0.003670, 0.0411) (–0.003670, 0.0411)
beam hardening constant 0.02 0.2 0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
breakage force in N
first breakage event
max. breakage event
Figure 2. Number sum distribution of the first and the breakage event with the highest
force (=max. breakage event)
number
sum
distributi
/
(-)
particle. At the first breakage event, first cracks or fractur-
ing of the particle’s protruding edges which are in contact
with the crushing tool, can occur. This stage only needs
low forces that are sufficient to cause particle changes.
Conversely, at the maximum breakage event, the particle
either breaks completely and audible, or a visible, large
crack can be observed. On average, the mean difference
between the breakage forces of the first and maximum
breakage event is at 54 N, with a maximum difference of
135 N where the visible breakage of the particle is expected.
Since the mean breakage force of the first breakage event is
very low, it can be challenging to develop a workflow for
XCT measurements based on this value without overstress-
ing the particle beyond the first peak in the force-distance
curve. The present value is not suitable for describing a par-
ticle breakage that occurs entirely within the particle itself.
Table 1. X-ray tomography measurement and reconstruction settings during in-situ compression
Measurement Settings F =5 N F =100 N Broken State
source distance in mm 70 70 70
detector distance in mm 200 200 200
optical magnification 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.4 x
acceleration voltage in kV 80 80 80
electrical power in W 7 7 7
source filter (Zeiss standard) LE4 LE4 LE4
voxel size in µm 17.8 17.8 17.8
camera binning 2 2 2
number of projections 1601 1601 1601
exposure time (s) 5 5 5
angle range (°) 360 360 360
Reconstruction Settings Parameter Parameter Parameter
reconstruction algorithm FBP FBP FBP
center shift –0.866 –0.866 –0.866
defect correction none none none
byte scaling (–0.003670, 0.0411) (–0.003670, 0.0411) (–0.003670, 0.0411)
beam hardening constant 0.02 0.2 0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
breakage force in N
first breakage event
max. breakage event
Figure 2. Number sum distribution of the first and the breakage event with the highest
force (=max. breakage event)
number
sum
distributi
/
(-)