Table
1.
A
comparison
of
grinding
parameters
derived
from
vibro-acoustic
sensing
in
selected
studies,
as
well
as
our
contribution.
Parameters
Literature
survey
Our
contributions
Mill
type
Conditions
Technique
References
Mill
type
Conditions
Technique
Results
Feed
size distributions
Industrial
SAG
mill
Continuous
(wet
milling)
Acoustic sensing (limited information)
(Pax
and Cornish, 2016)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill Locked-cycle
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (RMS, PSDE,
DWT,
WPT,
VMD,
EMD)
and classification modelling
Detected
sudden
changes
in
different
feed
sizes
and
their
blends.
Spectral
characteristics
of
different
feeds.
Classification
and
predictive
models
of
different
feed
size
classes.
Feed
size
fluctuation
with
acoustics
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing (limited information)
(Das
et
al., 2011)
Ore
hardness
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Acoustic sensing
(Watson
and Morrison, 1985)
Laboratory
ball
millBatch-scale
Acoustic sensing (RMS,
DWT
PSDE)
Relationship
between
ore
types
grindability
and
acoustics.
Acoustic
detection
of
the
effect
of
ore
hardness
variability
in
a
near-stable
grinding
condition
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing
(Nayak
et
al.,
2018)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Locked-cycle
Lifter
height
and configuration
—
—
—
—
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (PSDE)
Increasing
mill
acoustics
with
increasing
lifter
bar
height
Mill
speed
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
Vibration sensing
(Das
et
al., 2011)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (PSDE)
Increased
acoustic
with
higher
speed
Industrial
SAG
mill
Continuous
Sensitivity
and
partial dependence analyses
Acoustics
and
mill
speed correlation. Sensitive frequencies include
AF6,
AF8,
AF28
and
AF30
Mill
weight
(load)
Industrial
SAG
mill
Acoustic sensing
(Pax,
2011b)
Industrial
SAG
millContinuous
Acoustic sensing
and
GPR modelling. Sensitivity
and
partial dependence analyses
Predictive
modelling
of
mill
weight
with
fewer
frequency
variables.
Sensitive
frequencies
include
AF6,
AF9
and
AF30
Modelled/ simulated
mill
Acoustic generated
from
DEM
Acoustic sensing
and
ANN modelling
(Li
et
al., 2021)
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing
(Nayak
et
al.,
2020)
AF
=
Acoustic
Frequency,
ANN
=
Artificial
Neural
Network
3752 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
1.
A
comparison
of
grinding
parameters
derived
from
vibro-acoustic
sensing
in
selected
studies,
as
well
as
our
contribution.
Parameters
Literature
survey
Our
contributions
Mill
type
Conditions
Technique
References
Mill
type
Conditions
Technique
Results
Feed
size distributions
Industrial
SAG
mill
Continuous
(wet
milling)
Acoustic sensing (limited information)
(Pax
and Cornish, 2016)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill Locked-cycle
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (RMS, PSDE,
DWT,
WPT,
VMD,
EMD)
and classification modelling
Detected
sudden
changes
in
different
feed
sizes
and
their
blends.
Spectral
characteristics
of
different
feeds.
Classification
and
predictive
models
of
different
feed
size
classes.
Feed
size
fluctuation
with
acoustics
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing (limited information)
(Das
et
al., 2011)
Ore
hardness
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Acoustic sensing
(Watson
and Morrison, 1985)
Laboratory
ball
millBatch-scale
Acoustic sensing (RMS,
DWT
PSDE)
Relationship
between
ore
types
grindability
and
acoustics.
Acoustic
detection
of
the
effect
of
ore
hardness
variability
in
a
near-stable
grinding
condition
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing
(Nayak
et
al.,
2018)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Locked-cycle
Lifter
height
and configuration
—
—
—
—
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (PSDE)
Increasing
mill
acoustics
with
increasing
lifter
bar
height
Mill
speed
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
Vibration sensing
(Das
et
al., 2011)
Laboratory AG/SAG
mill
Batch-scale
Acoustic sensing (PSDE)
Increased
acoustic
with
higher
speed
Industrial
SAG
mill
Continuous
Sensitivity
and
partial dependence analyses
Acoustics
and
mill
speed correlation. Sensitive frequencies include
AF6,
AF8,
AF28
and
AF30
Mill
weight
(load)
Industrial
SAG
mill
Acoustic sensing
(Pax,
2011b)
Industrial
SAG
millContinuous
Acoustic sensing
and
GPR modelling. Sensitivity
and
partial dependence analyses
Predictive
modelling
of
mill
weight
with
fewer
frequency
variables.
Sensitive
frequencies
include
AF6,
AF9
and
AF30
Modelled/ simulated
mill
Acoustic generated
from
DEM
Acoustic sensing
and
ANN modelling
(Li
et
al., 2021)
Laboratory
ball
mill
Batch-scale
(wet
milling)
Vibration sensing
(Nayak
et
al.,
2020)
AF
=
Acoustic
Frequency,
ANN
=
Artificial
Neural
Network
3752 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3