3274 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
CONCLUSIONS
The market introduction of large quantities of critical
raw materials, which provide the functionality for energy
devices, leads to new challenges in the recycling business.
The target materials are finely dispersed in the techni-
cal structures of battery or electrolyzer electrodes. The
characteristic length scales of these layered structures are
below 100 µm and the particle used for the coating and
layer structures have characteristic diameters of below 20
µm, some even in the nanometer scale. This all requires a
new thinking in mechanical recycling industry focusing in
the development of process concepts applying mechanical
liberation and sorting approaches in the small size scales
mentioned above. The technology for recycling has reached
a TRL of 4–7 depending on the target material. The
approaches show that effective mechanical solutions for
preconcentrating of secondary energy materials are feasible,
even if the quantitative process development has to be done
with a sample size of less than 1g.
REFERENCES
AL ASSADI, A., GOES, D., BAAZOUZI, S.,
STAUDACHER, M., MALCZYK, P., KRAUS, W.,
NÄGELE, F., HUBER, M. F., FLEISCHER, J.,
PEUKER, U. &BIRKE, K. P. 2023. Challenges and
prospects of automated disassembly of fuel cells for a
circular economy. Resources, Conservation &Recycling
Advances, 19, 200172.
AZHARI, L., BONG, S., MA, X. &WANG, Y. 2020.
Recycling for All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries.
Matter, 3, 1845–1861.
DIEKMANN, J., SANDER, S., SELLIN, G.,
PETERMANN, M. &KWADE, A. 2018. Crushing
of Battery Modules and Cells. In: KWADE, A. &
DIEKMANN, J. (eds.) Recycling of Lithium-Ion
Batteries: The LithoRec Way. Springer.
DOOSE, S., MAYER, J. K., MICHALOWSKI, P. &
KWADE, A. 2021. Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery
Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective
on Future Lithium Battery Generations. Metals, 11,
291.
GAUN, A. &ELWERT, T. 2017. Abtrennung von feinen
NE-Partikeln aus Sekundärrohstoffen mit Hilfe eines
Barriere-Wirbelstromscheiders. Recycling und Rohstoffe.
Neuruppin: TK-Verlag Karl Thomé -Kozmiensky.
HAQUE, N., GIDDEY, S., SAHA, S. &SERNIA,
P. Recyclability of Proton Exchange Membrane
Electrolysers for Green Hydrogen Production. In:
REDDY, R. G., ANDERSON, A., ANDERSON, C.
G., FLEURIAULT, C., SPILLER, E. D., STRAUSS,
M., VIDAL, E. E. &ZHANG, M., eds. New Directions
in Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Recycling
and Waste Minimization, 2023// 2023 Cham. Springer
Nature Switzerland, 137–150.
IEA 2023. Global Hydrogen Review 2023. Paris: IEA.
KAAS, A., MÜTZE, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2022a. Review
on zigzag air classifier. Processes, 10, 764.
KAAS, A., WILKE, C., LYON, T. &PEUKER, U. 2022b.
Sorting of lithium-ion battery components. IMPC
2022. Melbourne.
KAAS, A., WILKE, C., VANDERBRUGGEN, A. &
PEUKER, U. A. 2023. Influence of different discharge
levels on the mechanical recycling efficiency of lithium-
ion batteries. Waste Management, 172, 1–10.
KAISER, C., BUCHWALD, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2024.
Ultrasonic decoating as a new recycling path to separate
oxygen side layers of solid oxide cells. Green Chemistry.
LYON, T., MÜTZE, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2022. Decoating
of electrode foils from EOL lithium-ion batteries by
electrohydraulic fragmentation. Metals, 12, 209.
MOSCHOVI, A. M., ZAGORAIOU, E., POLYZOU, E.
&YAKOUMIS, I. 2021. Recycling of Critical Raw
Materials from Hydrogen Chemical Storage Stacks
(PEMWE), Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEA)
and Electrocatalysts. IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, 1024, 012008.
SARNER, S., SCHREIBER, A., MENZLER, N. H. &
GUILLON, O. 2022. Recycling Strategies for Solid
Oxide Cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 12.
SCHWICH, L., KÜPERS, M., FINSTERBUSCH, M.,
SCHREIBER, A., FATTAKHOVA-ROHLFING, D.,
GUILLON, O. &FRIEDRICH, B. 2020. Recycling
Strategies for Ceramic All-Solid-State Batteries—Part
I: Study on Possible Treatments in Contrast to Li-Ion
Battery Recycling. Metals, 10, 1523.
SOMMERVILLE, R., ZHU, P., RAJAEIFAR, M. A.,
HEIDRICH, O., GOODSHIP, V. &KENDRICK,
E. 2021. A qualitative assessment of lithium ion bat-
tery recycling processes. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 165, 105219.
CONCLUSIONS
The market introduction of large quantities of critical
raw materials, which provide the functionality for energy
devices, leads to new challenges in the recycling business.
The target materials are finely dispersed in the techni-
cal structures of battery or electrolyzer electrodes. The
characteristic length scales of these layered structures are
below 100 µm and the particle used for the coating and
layer structures have characteristic diameters of below 20
µm, some even in the nanometer scale. This all requires a
new thinking in mechanical recycling industry focusing in
the development of process concepts applying mechanical
liberation and sorting approaches in the small size scales
mentioned above. The technology for recycling has reached
a TRL of 4–7 depending on the target material. The
approaches show that effective mechanical solutions for
preconcentrating of secondary energy materials are feasible,
even if the quantitative process development has to be done
with a sample size of less than 1g.
REFERENCES
AL ASSADI, A., GOES, D., BAAZOUZI, S.,
STAUDACHER, M., MALCZYK, P., KRAUS, W.,
NÄGELE, F., HUBER, M. F., FLEISCHER, J.,
PEUKER, U. &BIRKE, K. P. 2023. Challenges and
prospects of automated disassembly of fuel cells for a
circular economy. Resources, Conservation &Recycling
Advances, 19, 200172.
AZHARI, L., BONG, S., MA, X. &WANG, Y. 2020.
Recycling for All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries.
Matter, 3, 1845–1861.
DIEKMANN, J., SANDER, S., SELLIN, G.,
PETERMANN, M. &KWADE, A. 2018. Crushing
of Battery Modules and Cells. In: KWADE, A. &
DIEKMANN, J. (eds.) Recycling of Lithium-Ion
Batteries: The LithoRec Way. Springer.
DOOSE, S., MAYER, J. K., MICHALOWSKI, P. &
KWADE, A. 2021. Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery
Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective
on Future Lithium Battery Generations. Metals, 11,
291.
GAUN, A. &ELWERT, T. 2017. Abtrennung von feinen
NE-Partikeln aus Sekundärrohstoffen mit Hilfe eines
Barriere-Wirbelstromscheiders. Recycling und Rohstoffe.
Neuruppin: TK-Verlag Karl Thomé -Kozmiensky.
HAQUE, N., GIDDEY, S., SAHA, S. &SERNIA,
P. Recyclability of Proton Exchange Membrane
Electrolysers for Green Hydrogen Production. In:
REDDY, R. G., ANDERSON, A., ANDERSON, C.
G., FLEURIAULT, C., SPILLER, E. D., STRAUSS,
M., VIDAL, E. E. &ZHANG, M., eds. New Directions
in Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Recycling
and Waste Minimization, 2023// 2023 Cham. Springer
Nature Switzerland, 137–150.
IEA 2023. Global Hydrogen Review 2023. Paris: IEA.
KAAS, A., MÜTZE, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2022a. Review
on zigzag air classifier. Processes, 10, 764.
KAAS, A., WILKE, C., LYON, T. &PEUKER, U. 2022b.
Sorting of lithium-ion battery components. IMPC
2022. Melbourne.
KAAS, A., WILKE, C., VANDERBRUGGEN, A. &
PEUKER, U. A. 2023. Influence of different discharge
levels on the mechanical recycling efficiency of lithium-
ion batteries. Waste Management, 172, 1–10.
KAISER, C., BUCHWALD, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2024.
Ultrasonic decoating as a new recycling path to separate
oxygen side layers of solid oxide cells. Green Chemistry.
LYON, T., MÜTZE, T. &PEUKER, U. A. 2022. Decoating
of electrode foils from EOL lithium-ion batteries by
electrohydraulic fragmentation. Metals, 12, 209.
MOSCHOVI, A. M., ZAGORAIOU, E., POLYZOU, E.
&YAKOUMIS, I. 2021. Recycling of Critical Raw
Materials from Hydrogen Chemical Storage Stacks
(PEMWE), Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEA)
and Electrocatalysts. IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, 1024, 012008.
SARNER, S., SCHREIBER, A., MENZLER, N. H. &
GUILLON, O. 2022. Recycling Strategies for Solid
Oxide Cells. Advanced Energy Materials, 12.
SCHWICH, L., KÜPERS, M., FINSTERBUSCH, M.,
SCHREIBER, A., FATTAKHOVA-ROHLFING, D.,
GUILLON, O. &FRIEDRICH, B. 2020. Recycling
Strategies for Ceramic All-Solid-State Batteries—Part
I: Study on Possible Treatments in Contrast to Li-Ion
Battery Recycling. Metals, 10, 1523.
SOMMERVILLE, R., ZHU, P., RAJAEIFAR, M. A.,
HEIDRICH, O., GOODSHIP, V. &KENDRICK,
E. 2021. A qualitative assessment of lithium ion bat-
tery recycling processes. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 165, 105219.