3254 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
tension between oil-water system is greater than the sum
of the interfacial tension between particle-oil and particle-
water or none of the interfacial tensions is greater than the
sum of the other two (Leistner, Müller, Erler, Rudolph, &
Peuker, 2014). Before the phase separation, 250 mg of ion-
omer containing particles are dispersed in aqueous phase
first by using an Ultra-Turrax (IKA, dispersing unit S25N-
25F) at 11,000 rpm for 30 s. After adding an equivalent
volume of the organic phase, the agitation of two liquids
dispersion takes place in the same way (11,000 rpm, 30 s).
The suspension is transferred into a separatory funnel and
the phase separation takes place within 30 min. All experi-
ments are repeated a minimum of three times for a single
sample.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Validation of Nafion Content
Figure 2 shows the mass percentage of prepared samples of
carbon black and TiO2 with different Nafion content along
with increasing temperature. Up to 300°C, evaporation of
moisture and volatile substances can be observed which
represents approximately between 1 and 4% (w/w) loss.
Heating up to 400°C causes decomposition of the sulfonic
acid (–SO3H) group. As the temperature increases above
400°C and up to 800°C, the Teflon backbone of Nafion
begins to decompose resulting in complete thermal deg-
radation of the ionomer. The thermogravimetric analysis
results of carbon black and TiO2 show noticeable differ-
ences. After the decomposition, the weight percentages of
residual carbon black samples of pure, 0 %,20 %and 40 %
of Nafion in the crucible are 98, 95, 81 and 71% (w/w)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature (°C)
CB with different Nafion content
Pure 0%
20% 40%
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature (°C)
TiO
2
with different Nafion content
Pure 0%
20% 40%
Figure 2. Mass percentage of samples during TGA measurements, Carbon black (top) and TiO
2 (bottom) with different Nafion content (Orange: Pure particle, Grey: 0 %Nafion, Blue: 20 %,
Green: 40 %)
Mass(%)
Mass(%)
tension between oil-water system is greater than the sum
of the interfacial tension between particle-oil and particle-
water or none of the interfacial tensions is greater than the
sum of the other two (Leistner, Müller, Erler, Rudolph, &
Peuker, 2014). Before the phase separation, 250 mg of ion-
omer containing particles are dispersed in aqueous phase
first by using an Ultra-Turrax (IKA, dispersing unit S25N-
25F) at 11,000 rpm for 30 s. After adding an equivalent
volume of the organic phase, the agitation of two liquids
dispersion takes place in the same way (11,000 rpm, 30 s).
The suspension is transferred into a separatory funnel and
the phase separation takes place within 30 min. All experi-
ments are repeated a minimum of three times for a single
sample.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Validation of Nafion Content
Figure 2 shows the mass percentage of prepared samples of
carbon black and TiO2 with different Nafion content along
with increasing temperature. Up to 300°C, evaporation of
moisture and volatile substances can be observed which
represents approximately between 1 and 4% (w/w) loss.
Heating up to 400°C causes decomposition of the sulfonic
acid (–SO3H) group. As the temperature increases above
400°C and up to 800°C, the Teflon backbone of Nafion
begins to decompose resulting in complete thermal deg-
radation of the ionomer. The thermogravimetric analysis
results of carbon black and TiO2 show noticeable differ-
ences. After the decomposition, the weight percentages of
residual carbon black samples of pure, 0 %,20 %and 40 %
of Nafion in the crucible are 98, 95, 81 and 71% (w/w)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature (°C)
CB with different Nafion content
Pure 0%
20% 40%
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 800
Temperature (°C)
TiO
2
with different Nafion content
Pure 0%
20% 40%
Figure 2. Mass percentage of samples during TGA measurements, Carbon black (top) and TiO
2 (bottom) with different Nafion content (Orange: Pure particle, Grey: 0 %Nafion, Blue: 20 %,
Green: 40 %)
Mass(%)
Mass(%)