XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 3239
exchange membrane demonstrates high selectivity for lith-
ium over nickel, manganese, and cobalt. Moreover, the
generation of hydroxide ions during electrodialysis facili-
tates the direct production of lithium hydroxide. However,
additional investigations must be done to evaluate energy
requirements for the ED process as this is usually a negative
aspect in most membrane processs.
REFERENCES
[1] Chen, C.W. Ho, H.J., 2018. Recovery of valu-
able metals from lithium-ion batteries NMC cath-
ode waste materials by hydrometallurgical methods.
Metals 8, 1–16.
[2] Chen, X. Chen, Y. Zhou, T., Liu, D. Hu, H. Fan,
S., (2015). Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal val-
ues from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lith-
ium-ion batteries. Waste Manag. 38:349–56.
[3] Xu, M. Kang,S. Jiang, F. Yan, X. Zhu, Z. Zhao,
Q. Tenga, Y. Wang, Y., 2021. A process of leaching
recovery for cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-
ion batteries by citric acid and salicylic acid. RSC
Advances 11, 27689.
[4] Xuan, W. Otsuki, A. Chagnes, A., 2019.
Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC
811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) by hydrochloric acid
for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes. RSC
Advances 9, 38612.
[5] Agarwal, S. Reis, M.T.A Rosinda, M. Ismael, C
Correia, M.J.N Carvalho, J.M.R. (2012). Modeling
of the Extraction Equilibrium of Copper from Sulfate
Solutions with Acorga M5640. Solvent Extraction
and Ion Exchange, 30:5, 536–551.
[6] Estay, H. Barros, L. Troncoso, E., 2021. Metal
Sulfide Precipitation: Recent Breakthroughs and
Future Outlooks. Minerals 11, 1385.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
Co
Ni
Mn
Li
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
Co
Ni
Mn
Li
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Extraction curves as a function of pH of cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium from sulfate media by (a) 0.8 mol L−1
DEHPA and (b) 1 mol L−1 Cyanex® 272 in kerosene as a function of pH (O/A =1, room temperature)
Blackmass
from
spent cathodes
Leaching
H
2 SO
4 +H
2 O
2
SX Mn
pH 1.8
Electrodialysis
Li +(Ni)+
(Co)+ (Mn)
LiOH
(Ni)+
(Co)+ (Mn)
MnSO
4
Crystallizag415on
SX Co
pH 4.5
SX Ni
pH 5.5
DEHPA Cyanex 272 DEHPA
CoSO
4 NiSO4
Figure 5. Flowsheet combining leaching, solvent extraction and electrodialysis to extract metals from black mass of spent
lithium-ion batteries
Extracg415on
efficiency
(
Extracg415on
efficiency
(%)
exchange membrane demonstrates high selectivity for lith-
ium over nickel, manganese, and cobalt. Moreover, the
generation of hydroxide ions during electrodialysis facili-
tates the direct production of lithium hydroxide. However,
additional investigations must be done to evaluate energy
requirements for the ED process as this is usually a negative
aspect in most membrane processs.
REFERENCES
[1] Chen, C.W. Ho, H.J., 2018. Recovery of valu-
able metals from lithium-ion batteries NMC cath-
ode waste materials by hydrometallurgical methods.
Metals 8, 1–16.
[2] Chen, X. Chen, Y. Zhou, T., Liu, D. Hu, H. Fan,
S., (2015). Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal val-
ues from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lith-
ium-ion batteries. Waste Manag. 38:349–56.
[3] Xu, M. Kang,S. Jiang, F. Yan, X. Zhu, Z. Zhao,
Q. Tenga, Y. Wang, Y., 2021. A process of leaching
recovery for cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-
ion batteries by citric acid and salicylic acid. RSC
Advances 11, 27689.
[4] Xuan, W. Otsuki, A. Chagnes, A., 2019.
Investigation of the leaching mechanism of NMC
811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) by hydrochloric acid
for recycling lithium ion battery cathodes. RSC
Advances 9, 38612.
[5] Agarwal, S. Reis, M.T.A Rosinda, M. Ismael, C
Correia, M.J.N Carvalho, J.M.R. (2012). Modeling
of the Extraction Equilibrium of Copper from Sulfate
Solutions with Acorga M5640. Solvent Extraction
and Ion Exchange, 30:5, 536–551.
[6] Estay, H. Barros, L. Troncoso, E., 2021. Metal
Sulfide Precipitation: Recent Breakthroughs and
Future Outlooks. Minerals 11, 1385.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
Co
Ni
Mn
Li
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH
Co
Ni
Mn
Li
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Extraction curves as a function of pH of cobalt, nickel, manganese and lithium from sulfate media by (a) 0.8 mol L−1
DEHPA and (b) 1 mol L−1 Cyanex® 272 in kerosene as a function of pH (O/A =1, room temperature)
Blackmass
from
spent cathodes
Leaching
H
2 SO
4 +H
2 O
2
SX Mn
pH 1.8
Electrodialysis
Li +(Ni)+
(Co)+ (Mn)
LiOH
(Ni)+
(Co)+ (Mn)
MnSO
4
Crystallizag415on
SX Co
pH 4.5
SX Ni
pH 5.5
DEHPA Cyanex 272 DEHPA
CoSO
4 NiSO4
Figure 5. Flowsheet combining leaching, solvent extraction and electrodialysis to extract metals from black mass of spent
lithium-ion batteries
Extracg415on
efficiency
(
Extracg415on
efficiency
(%)