3200 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
the destruction of C-F bonds, and the formation of M-F
bonds. This will expose the original surface of the positive
and negative electrode materials, increasing the difference
in their hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity.
It is obvious that plasma treatment can improve the
hydrophobicity and flotation selectivity of anode and cath-
ode materials of spent LIBs due the removal of binders on
the surface of the electrode materials (Figure 1). However,
it is notable that PVDF peaks can also observed in the
cathode materials after plasma treatment (Figure 4 (b2)).
As mentioned in May et al.’s work, the plasma power can
vary from a few hundred watts to a few kilowatts (May et
al., 2017). Thus, the further improvement of the removal
efficiency of organic binder can be achieved by the further
increase of the plasma power and treatment time. In the
future, high-power plasma devices will be employed to fur-
ther increase the hydrophobic difference between anode
and cathode materials.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the effects of plasma power (A), gas flowrate
(B), and treatment time (C) and their interactions on the
contact angles of anode and cathode materials of spent
LIBs were evaluated. In addition, differences in the flota-
tion recovery between anode and cathode materials in the
absence and presence of plasma treatment were compared.
Last but not least, the enhancement mechanisms of flota-
tion selectivity of electrode materials by plasma treatment
using XRD, FTIR and XPS analyses were illustrated. The
study proposed a green and mild alternative technology
based on green plasma modifications for the selective flo-
tation separation of anode and cathode materials of spent
LIBs, and main conclusions are listed as follows:
1. Contact angle difference between anode and cath-
ode materials before and after plasma treatment
are increased. Plasma modification can increase
the km and SI values, which is mainly related to
the improvement in the contact angle of anode
material.
2. Various characterizations electrode material
characterizations results before and after plasma
treatment. Firstly, XRD results indicate that low-
temperature plasma surface modification has no
significant influence on structural properties of
the anode and cathode materials. Secondly, FTIR
results show that the hydrophobicity of anode
materials was improved with plasma treatment.
In addition, XPS results indicated that plasma
treatment can disrupt the carbon oxygen double
bond, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity of the
anode material by reducing the number of hydro-
philic groups.
3. It is obvious that plasma treatment can improve
the hydrophobicity and flotation selectivity of
anode and cathode materials of spent LIBs due to
the removal of binders on the surface of the elec-
trode materials. However, it is notable that PVDF
peaks can also be observed in the cathode materials
after plasma treatment. The further improvement
of the removal efficiency of organic binder can
be achieved by the further increase of the plasma
power and treatment time. In the future, high-
power plasma devices will be employed to fur-
ther increase the hydrophobic difference between
anode and cathode materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors wish to thank the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (52204296, 22075312), National
Key Research and Development Program of China
(2020YFA0714700) for the financial support, Advanced
Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and
Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Science, China and
Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University,
Australia for other experimental and editorial support.
REFERENCES
Bu, X., Chen, Y., Ma, G., Sun, Y., Ni, C., Xie, G., 2019.
Differences in dry and wet grinding wivvJena, K.K.,
AlFantazi, A., Mayyas, A.T., 2021. Comprehensive
Review on Concept and Recycling Evolution of
Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). ENERGY &FUELS 35,
18257–18284.
Jena, K.K., Mayyas, A.T., Mohanty, B., Jena, B.K., Jos,
J.R., AlFantazi, A., Chakraborty, B., Almarzooqi,
A.A., 2022. Recycling of Electrode Materials from
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to Develop Graphene
Nanosheets and Graphene-Molybdenum Disulfide
Nanohybrid: Environmental Benefits, Analysis of
Supercapacitor Performance, and Influence of Density
Functional Theory Calculations. Energy &Fuels 36,
2159–2170.
Kyere-Yeboah, K., Bique, I.K., Qiao, X.-c., 2023. Advances
of non-thermal plasma discharge technology in degrad-
ing recalcitrant wastewater pollutants. A comprehen-
sive review. Chemosphere 320, 138061.
the destruction of C-F bonds, and the formation of M-F
bonds. This will expose the original surface of the positive
and negative electrode materials, increasing the difference
in their hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity.
It is obvious that plasma treatment can improve the
hydrophobicity and flotation selectivity of anode and cath-
ode materials of spent LIBs due the removal of binders on
the surface of the electrode materials (Figure 1). However,
it is notable that PVDF peaks can also observed in the
cathode materials after plasma treatment (Figure 4 (b2)).
As mentioned in May et al.’s work, the plasma power can
vary from a few hundred watts to a few kilowatts (May et
al., 2017). Thus, the further improvement of the removal
efficiency of organic binder can be achieved by the further
increase of the plasma power and treatment time. In the
future, high-power plasma devices will be employed to fur-
ther increase the hydrophobic difference between anode
and cathode materials.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the effects of plasma power (A), gas flowrate
(B), and treatment time (C) and their interactions on the
contact angles of anode and cathode materials of spent
LIBs were evaluated. In addition, differences in the flota-
tion recovery between anode and cathode materials in the
absence and presence of plasma treatment were compared.
Last but not least, the enhancement mechanisms of flota-
tion selectivity of electrode materials by plasma treatment
using XRD, FTIR and XPS analyses were illustrated. The
study proposed a green and mild alternative technology
based on green plasma modifications for the selective flo-
tation separation of anode and cathode materials of spent
LIBs, and main conclusions are listed as follows:
1. Contact angle difference between anode and cath-
ode materials before and after plasma treatment
are increased. Plasma modification can increase
the km and SI values, which is mainly related to
the improvement in the contact angle of anode
material.
2. Various characterizations electrode material
characterizations results before and after plasma
treatment. Firstly, XRD results indicate that low-
temperature plasma surface modification has no
significant influence on structural properties of
the anode and cathode materials. Secondly, FTIR
results show that the hydrophobicity of anode
materials was improved with plasma treatment.
In addition, XPS results indicated that plasma
treatment can disrupt the carbon oxygen double
bond, thereby increasing the hydrophobicity of the
anode material by reducing the number of hydro-
philic groups.
3. It is obvious that plasma treatment can improve
the hydrophobicity and flotation selectivity of
anode and cathode materials of spent LIBs due to
the removal of binders on the surface of the elec-
trode materials. However, it is notable that PVDF
peaks can also be observed in the cathode materials
after plasma treatment. The further improvement
of the removal efficiency of organic binder can
be achieved by the further increase of the plasma
power and treatment time. In the future, high-
power plasma devices will be employed to fur-
ther increase the hydrophobic difference between
anode and cathode materials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors wish to thank the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (52204296, 22075312), National
Key Research and Development Program of China
(2020YFA0714700) for the financial support, Advanced
Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech and
Nanobionics, Chinese Academy of Science, China and
Western Australian School of Mines, Curtin University,
Australia for other experimental and editorial support.
REFERENCES
Bu, X., Chen, Y., Ma, G., Sun, Y., Ni, C., Xie, G., 2019.
Differences in dry and wet grinding wivvJena, K.K.,
AlFantazi, A., Mayyas, A.T., 2021. Comprehensive
Review on Concept and Recycling Evolution of
Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs). ENERGY &FUELS 35,
18257–18284.
Jena, K.K., Mayyas, A.T., Mohanty, B., Jena, B.K., Jos,
J.R., AlFantazi, A., Chakraborty, B., Almarzooqi,
A.A., 2022. Recycling of Electrode Materials from
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries to Develop Graphene
Nanosheets and Graphene-Molybdenum Disulfide
Nanohybrid: Environmental Benefits, Analysis of
Supercapacitor Performance, and Influence of Density
Functional Theory Calculations. Energy &Fuels 36,
2159–2170.
Kyere-Yeboah, K., Bique, I.K., Qiao, X.-c., 2023. Advances
of non-thermal plasma discharge technology in degrad-
ing recalcitrant wastewater pollutants. A comprehen-
sive review. Chemosphere 320, 138061.