292 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
is cheaper than the carbon tax in that particular
jurisdiction (Butterworth, 2023).
2. Cost Projections from Modelling Studies:
Depending on the concentration of gas streams, dif-
ferent CO2 capture costs apply, as per a report pub-
lished by the International Institute for Sustainable
Development (IISD). The predicted prices per
tonne of CO2 for concentrated gas streams vary
from CAD 27 to CAD 48, whereas the costs per
tonne of CO2 for diluted gas streams from indus-
trial operations are estimated to be between CAD
50 and CAD 150 (Table 1) (Sievert et al., 2023).
Due to a lack of data from active CCS facilities,
these figures are mostly based on modeling stud-
ies. The cost range (Table 1) for CO2 capture has
a large variance due to early-stage novel technolo-
gies that lack industrial data and costs. It needs to
be noted that CO2 capture from point industrial
sources is relatively cheaper compared to direct air
capture. CO2 sequestration costs shown (Table 1)
are focused on the same technology of mineraliza-
tion of rocks, either in-situ subsurface or ex-situ
in hydrothermal reactor. Although ex-situ seems
expensive compared to in-situ, two things need to
be noted. First, the data for ex-situ is based on a
NETL study conducted in 2005, and the technol-
ogy has evolved significantly since then in terms
of overall conversion and efficiency, whereas the
in-situ sequestration data is from a recent article.
Second, ex-situ always offers higher conversions
and accelerated mineralization opportunities and
can add value to a process by enhancing the nickel
recovery, whereas in-situ has lower conversion and
slower kinetics and might support the fossil indus-
try towards enhanced oil recovery.
3. Industry Investment: The oil and gas sector is
committed to lowering its carbon emissions, as
demonstrated by OXY’s recent billion-dollar
acquisition of Carbon Engineering (“Occidental
buys carbon air capture tech firm for $1.1 bil-
lion, Reuters,” 2023). Their primary purpose is
to store captured CO2 in oil and gas reservoirs,
mainly to lower their overall carbon dioxide emis-
sions. Using CO2 storage to improve reservoir oil
recovery would be a secondary goal, which would
seem counterproductive to CO2 sequestration but
nevertheless would reduce CO2 emissions.
Need For Public-Private Collaboration and
Partnerships
In addition to innovating new CO2 sequestration tech-
nologies, collaboration between public and private sectors
is essential to facilitating the effective and timely develop-
ment of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
operations. These partnerships should address the following
essential requirements:
1. Platforms for Data Sharing: Establish chan-
nels for exchanging detailed information about
CO2 capture costs. Data on capital expenditures
(CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) for
capturing carbon from different sources, such as
industrial process emissions and direct air capture,
should be shared.
2. Modular Carbon Capture Systems: With the pub-
lic-private partnership, develop modular carbon
capture systems for a variety of industries and a
pipeline network for transporting emissions cap-
tured from different industries and clusters to
CO2 sequestration and utilization sites such as the
Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (Alberta, 2023).
3. Sequestration and Monitoring: Ensure that CO2
sequestration data is available and that effective
monitoring systems are in place at the sequestration
Table 1. Cost ranges for various CO
2 Capture and CO
2 Sequestration technologies
Cost Category Range US$/t CO
2 Reference
CO2 Capture Costs (Point Source) $5.6–$65.9 (Hughes et al., 2022)
CO2 Capture Costs from Direct-Air-Capture (DAC) $90–$900 (Snæbjörnsdóttir et al., 2020)
CO
2 Capture from Concentrated Gas Streams CA$27–$48 (Sievert et al., 2023)
CO
2 Capture from Diluted Gas Streams from
Industrial Processes
CA$50–$150 (Sievert et al., 2023)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Serpentine $78–$427 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Olivine $54–59 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Wollastonite $64–$91 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
In-situ Sequestration €27 (Snæbjörnsdóttir et al., 2020)
is cheaper than the carbon tax in that particular
jurisdiction (Butterworth, 2023).
2. Cost Projections from Modelling Studies:
Depending on the concentration of gas streams, dif-
ferent CO2 capture costs apply, as per a report pub-
lished by the International Institute for Sustainable
Development (IISD). The predicted prices per
tonne of CO2 for concentrated gas streams vary
from CAD 27 to CAD 48, whereas the costs per
tonne of CO2 for diluted gas streams from indus-
trial operations are estimated to be between CAD
50 and CAD 150 (Table 1) (Sievert et al., 2023).
Due to a lack of data from active CCS facilities,
these figures are mostly based on modeling stud-
ies. The cost range (Table 1) for CO2 capture has
a large variance due to early-stage novel technolo-
gies that lack industrial data and costs. It needs to
be noted that CO2 capture from point industrial
sources is relatively cheaper compared to direct air
capture. CO2 sequestration costs shown (Table 1)
are focused on the same technology of mineraliza-
tion of rocks, either in-situ subsurface or ex-situ
in hydrothermal reactor. Although ex-situ seems
expensive compared to in-situ, two things need to
be noted. First, the data for ex-situ is based on a
NETL study conducted in 2005, and the technol-
ogy has evolved significantly since then in terms
of overall conversion and efficiency, whereas the
in-situ sequestration data is from a recent article.
Second, ex-situ always offers higher conversions
and accelerated mineralization opportunities and
can add value to a process by enhancing the nickel
recovery, whereas in-situ has lower conversion and
slower kinetics and might support the fossil indus-
try towards enhanced oil recovery.
3. Industry Investment: The oil and gas sector is
committed to lowering its carbon emissions, as
demonstrated by OXY’s recent billion-dollar
acquisition of Carbon Engineering (“Occidental
buys carbon air capture tech firm for $1.1 bil-
lion, Reuters,” 2023). Their primary purpose is
to store captured CO2 in oil and gas reservoirs,
mainly to lower their overall carbon dioxide emis-
sions. Using CO2 storage to improve reservoir oil
recovery would be a secondary goal, which would
seem counterproductive to CO2 sequestration but
nevertheless would reduce CO2 emissions.
Need For Public-Private Collaboration and
Partnerships
In addition to innovating new CO2 sequestration tech-
nologies, collaboration between public and private sectors
is essential to facilitating the effective and timely develop-
ment of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
operations. These partnerships should address the following
essential requirements:
1. Platforms for Data Sharing: Establish chan-
nels for exchanging detailed information about
CO2 capture costs. Data on capital expenditures
(CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) for
capturing carbon from different sources, such as
industrial process emissions and direct air capture,
should be shared.
2. Modular Carbon Capture Systems: With the pub-
lic-private partnership, develop modular carbon
capture systems for a variety of industries and a
pipeline network for transporting emissions cap-
tured from different industries and clusters to
CO2 sequestration and utilization sites such as the
Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (Alberta, 2023).
3. Sequestration and Monitoring: Ensure that CO2
sequestration data is available and that effective
monitoring systems are in place at the sequestration
Table 1. Cost ranges for various CO
2 Capture and CO
2 Sequestration technologies
Cost Category Range US$/t CO
2 Reference
CO2 Capture Costs (Point Source) $5.6–$65.9 (Hughes et al., 2022)
CO2 Capture Costs from Direct-Air-Capture (DAC) $90–$900 (Snæbjörnsdóttir et al., 2020)
CO
2 Capture from Concentrated Gas Streams CA$27–$48 (Sievert et al., 2023)
CO
2 Capture from Diluted Gas Streams from
Industrial Processes
CA$50–$150 (Sievert et al., 2023)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Serpentine $78–$427 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Olivine $54–59 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
Ex-situ CO2 Sequestration in Wollastonite $64–$91 (O’Connor et al., 2005)
In-situ Sequestration €27 (Snæbjörnsdóttir et al., 2020)