XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 3165
In the case of graphite, its overall recovery is compa-
rable in both operating conditions tested. The flotation rate
constant of graphite particles, on the other hand, is ~25%
slower at higher solids content. This phenomenon might be
caused by the unavailability of free bubble surfaces, caused
not only by the larger number of particles from this high-
grade material at constant bubble surface area flux, but
potentially also due to a competition with LCO and NMC
particles. This investigation remains a topic for further
research. Besides. this methodology should be applied in
future research to better understand the flotation behaviour
of individual particles from an industrial black mass, where
components such as the binder are likely to increase the
uncertainties of the experiment.
REFERENCES
Bachmann, K., Frenzel, M., Krause, J., Gutzmer, J.,
2017. Advanced Identification and Quantification of
In-Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope-
Based Image Analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 23, 527–
537. doi: 10.1017/S1431927617000460.
Blannin, R., Frenzel, M., Tuşa, L., Birtel, S., Ivăşcanu, P.,
Baker, T., Gutzmer, J., 2021. Uncertainties in quan-
titative mineralogical studies using scanning electron
microscope-based image analysis. Miner. Eng. 167,
106836. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106836.
European Commission, 2020. Critical Raw Materials
Resilience: Charting a Path towards greater Security
and Sustainability.
Fandrich, R., Gu, Y., Burrows, D., Moeller, K., 2007.
Modern SEM-based mineral liberation analysis.
Int. J. Miner. Process. 84, 310–320. doi: 10.1016/j.
minpro.2006.07.018.
Heinig, T., Bachmann, K., Tolosana-Delgado, R.,
Boogaart, G.V.D., Gutzmer, J., 2015. Monitoring
gravitational and particle shape settling effects on MLA
sampling preparation, in: IAMG Conference 2015.
pp. 200–206.
IEA, 2021. The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy
Transitions, World Energy Outlook. Paris.
Kirjavainen, V.M., 1996. Review and analysis of fac-
tors controlling the mechanical flotation of gangue
minerals. Int. J. Miner. Process. 46, 21–34. doi:
10.1016/0301-7516(95)00057-7.
Lotter, N.O., 2011. Modern Process Mineralogy: An inte-
grated multi-disciplined approach to flowsheeting.
Miner. Eng., Special Issue: Process Mineralogy 24,
1229–1237. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.03.004.
Pereira, L., Frenzel, M., Hoang, D.H., Tolosana-Delgado, R.,
Rudolph, M., Gutzmer, J., 2021a. Computing single-
particle flotation kinetics using automated mineralogy
data and machine learning. Miner. Eng. 170, 107054.
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107054.
Pereira, L., Frenzel, M., Khodadadzadeh, M.,
Tolosana-Delgado, R., Gutzmer, J., 2021b. A self-
adaptive particle-tracking method for minerals pro-
cessing. J. Clean. Prod. 279, 123711. doi: 10.1016/j.
jclepro.2020.123711.
Figure 7. Entrainment degree computed for individual particles of CAM phases as a function of size according to the process
conditions. Each point represents a particle
In the case of graphite, its overall recovery is compa-
rable in both operating conditions tested. The flotation rate
constant of graphite particles, on the other hand, is ~25%
slower at higher solids content. This phenomenon might be
caused by the unavailability of free bubble surfaces, caused
not only by the larger number of particles from this high-
grade material at constant bubble surface area flux, but
potentially also due to a competition with LCO and NMC
particles. This investigation remains a topic for further
research. Besides. this methodology should be applied in
future research to better understand the flotation behaviour
of individual particles from an industrial black mass, where
components such as the binder are likely to increase the
uncertainties of the experiment.
REFERENCES
Bachmann, K., Frenzel, M., Krause, J., Gutzmer, J.,
2017. Advanced Identification and Quantification of
In-Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope-
Based Image Analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 23, 527–
537. doi: 10.1017/S1431927617000460.
Blannin, R., Frenzel, M., Tuşa, L., Birtel, S., Ivăşcanu, P.,
Baker, T., Gutzmer, J., 2021. Uncertainties in quan-
titative mineralogical studies using scanning electron
microscope-based image analysis. Miner. Eng. 167,
106836. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106836.
European Commission, 2020. Critical Raw Materials
Resilience: Charting a Path towards greater Security
and Sustainability.
Fandrich, R., Gu, Y., Burrows, D., Moeller, K., 2007.
Modern SEM-based mineral liberation analysis.
Int. J. Miner. Process. 84, 310–320. doi: 10.1016/j.
minpro.2006.07.018.
Heinig, T., Bachmann, K., Tolosana-Delgado, R.,
Boogaart, G.V.D., Gutzmer, J., 2015. Monitoring
gravitational and particle shape settling effects on MLA
sampling preparation, in: IAMG Conference 2015.
pp. 200–206.
IEA, 2021. The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy
Transitions, World Energy Outlook. Paris.
Kirjavainen, V.M., 1996. Review and analysis of fac-
tors controlling the mechanical flotation of gangue
minerals. Int. J. Miner. Process. 46, 21–34. doi:
10.1016/0301-7516(95)00057-7.
Lotter, N.O., 2011. Modern Process Mineralogy: An inte-
grated multi-disciplined approach to flowsheeting.
Miner. Eng., Special Issue: Process Mineralogy 24,
1229–1237. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2011.03.004.
Pereira, L., Frenzel, M., Hoang, D.H., Tolosana-Delgado, R.,
Rudolph, M., Gutzmer, J., 2021a. Computing single-
particle flotation kinetics using automated mineralogy
data and machine learning. Miner. Eng. 170, 107054.
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107054.
Pereira, L., Frenzel, M., Khodadadzadeh, M.,
Tolosana-Delgado, R., Gutzmer, J., 2021b. A self-
adaptive particle-tracking method for minerals pro-
cessing. J. Clean. Prod. 279, 123711. doi: 10.1016/j.
jclepro.2020.123711.
Figure 7. Entrainment degree computed for individual particles of CAM phases as a function of size according to the process
conditions. Each point represents a particle