3116 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
In the presence of IPETC, a net anodic current
appeared at potentials below approximately –0.17 V, sug-
gesting IPETC had already adsorbed onto the Cu electrode
at lower potentials before the occurrence of anodic current
caused by the oxidation of Cu in the absence of IPETC. A
passivation range due to adsorbed IPETC appeared from
the beginning potential of Cu oxidation to about +0.17 V
for 10–6, 10–5, and 10–4 M IPETC and +0.25 V for 10–3 M,
followed by an activation range, perhaps due to the ligand-
promoted Cu oxidation. The peak around +0.30 V at 10–3
M was assumed to be attributed to the ligand-promoted
Cu oxidation. It should be noted that the additional anodic
peak did not result in a corresponding cathodic peak, sug-
gesting the ligand-promoted oxidation might not be revers-
ible within the tested potential range. On the reverse scan,
the first and the potentially incomplete second cathodic
peaks slightly shifted toward a lower potential than that in
the absence of IPETC, with reduced intensity. These indi-
cate the inhibition of the reduction reaction on the oxi-
dized Cu by the adsorption of IPETC.
A similar pattern was observed when AIBTC was added
compared to IPETC. The primary difference between
AIBTC and IPETC was seen at the second cathodic peak
at the concentration of 10–3 M. When compared to the
situation where no ligand was added, AIBTC exhibited a
larger decrease in the cathodic current and a greater shift
to the low potential than IPETC, which suggests a stronger
passivation effect of AIBTC on the reduction reaction. This
could be explained by the stronger adsorption of AIBTC
onto the Cu electrode.
Voltammetry investigation indicated stronger passiv-
ation of AIBTC on Cu from being intensively oxidized.
CONCLUSIONS
A detailed macro and micro-level study was undertaken to
assess the difference in the properties of AIBTC and IPETC
and their interactions with copper and copper minerals.
AIBTC demonstrated a superior final flotation recovery
in actual ore flotation tests compared to IPETC. AIBTC
has a greater capacity to reduce water-air surface tension
than IPETC at equivalent concentrations, indicating supe-
rior surface activity. Additionally, AIBTC’s lower molecular
minimum area can suggest that the lateral interactions in
adsorbed films of AIBTC are stronger than those in IPETC
and probably indicate the potential of AIBTC for more
compact packing and a greater adsorption density. Due
to its longer hydrocarbon chain length, AIBTC displayed
significantly lower solubility in water, limiting its trans-
port in an aqueous system. Electrochemical investigations
revealed a more pronounced passivation effect of AIBTC
on the oxidation of the copper electrode surface, suggesting
enhanced adsorption capabilities.
This study is consistent with the superior flotation per-
formance of AIBTC. Multiple explanations and insights
were offered to elucidate the distinctions in the interactions
of AIBTC and IPETC with minerals. Future investigations
will concentrate on the adsorption mechanism of ligands
on minerals and characterize the interactions between
ligands and minerals in more detail.
REFERENCES
Basilio, C. (1989). Fundamental studies of thionocarba-
mate interactions with sulfide minerals. https://vtech-
works.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/54486.
Becker, M., Wiese, J., &Ramonotsi, M. (2014).
Investigation into the mineralogy and flotation per-
formance of oxidised PGM ore. Minerals Engineering,
65, 24–32. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.04.009.
Celante, V., &Freitas, M. (2009). Electrodeposition of
copper from spent Li-ion batteries by electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance and impedance spectros-
copy techniques. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,
40(2), 233–239. doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-9996-x.
Dawson, N. F. (2010). Experiences in the production of
metallurgical and chemical grade UG2 chromite con-
centrates from PGM tailings streams. Journal of the
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,
110(11), 683–690.
Fairthorne, G., Fornasiero, D., &Ralston, J. (1996).
Solution properties of thionocarbamate collectors.
International Journal of Mineral Processing, 46(1–2),
137–153. doi: 10.1016/0301-7516(95)00008-9.
Farinato, R. S., Nagaraj, D. R., Larkin, P., Lucas, J., &
Brinen, J. S. (1993). Spectroscopic, flotation and wet-
tability studies of alkyl and allyl thionocarbamates.
For presentation at the SME Annual Meeting Reno,
Nevada, February 15–18, 1993.
Han, G., Su, S., Huang, Y., Peng, W., Cao, Y., &Liu, J.
(2018). An Insight into Flotation Chemistry of Pyrite
with Isomeric Xanthates: A Combined Experimental
and Computational Study. Minerals, 8(4), 166. doi:
10.3390/min8040166.
Leppinen, J., Basilio, C., &Yoon, R. (1988). FTIR
study of thionocarbamate adsorption on sulfide
minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, 32, 113–125. doi:
10.1016/0166-6622(88)80008-8.
Leppinen, J., Basilio, C., &Yoon, R. (1988). FTIR
study of thionocarbamate adsorption on sulfide
minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, 32, 113–125. doi:
10.1016/0166-6622(88)80008-8.
In the presence of IPETC, a net anodic current
appeared at potentials below approximately –0.17 V, sug-
gesting IPETC had already adsorbed onto the Cu electrode
at lower potentials before the occurrence of anodic current
caused by the oxidation of Cu in the absence of IPETC. A
passivation range due to adsorbed IPETC appeared from
the beginning potential of Cu oxidation to about +0.17 V
for 10–6, 10–5, and 10–4 M IPETC and +0.25 V for 10–3 M,
followed by an activation range, perhaps due to the ligand-
promoted Cu oxidation. The peak around +0.30 V at 10–3
M was assumed to be attributed to the ligand-promoted
Cu oxidation. It should be noted that the additional anodic
peak did not result in a corresponding cathodic peak, sug-
gesting the ligand-promoted oxidation might not be revers-
ible within the tested potential range. On the reverse scan,
the first and the potentially incomplete second cathodic
peaks slightly shifted toward a lower potential than that in
the absence of IPETC, with reduced intensity. These indi-
cate the inhibition of the reduction reaction on the oxi-
dized Cu by the adsorption of IPETC.
A similar pattern was observed when AIBTC was added
compared to IPETC. The primary difference between
AIBTC and IPETC was seen at the second cathodic peak
at the concentration of 10–3 M. When compared to the
situation where no ligand was added, AIBTC exhibited a
larger decrease in the cathodic current and a greater shift
to the low potential than IPETC, which suggests a stronger
passivation effect of AIBTC on the reduction reaction. This
could be explained by the stronger adsorption of AIBTC
onto the Cu electrode.
Voltammetry investigation indicated stronger passiv-
ation of AIBTC on Cu from being intensively oxidized.
CONCLUSIONS
A detailed macro and micro-level study was undertaken to
assess the difference in the properties of AIBTC and IPETC
and their interactions with copper and copper minerals.
AIBTC demonstrated a superior final flotation recovery
in actual ore flotation tests compared to IPETC. AIBTC
has a greater capacity to reduce water-air surface tension
than IPETC at equivalent concentrations, indicating supe-
rior surface activity. Additionally, AIBTC’s lower molecular
minimum area can suggest that the lateral interactions in
adsorbed films of AIBTC are stronger than those in IPETC
and probably indicate the potential of AIBTC for more
compact packing and a greater adsorption density. Due
to its longer hydrocarbon chain length, AIBTC displayed
significantly lower solubility in water, limiting its trans-
port in an aqueous system. Electrochemical investigations
revealed a more pronounced passivation effect of AIBTC
on the oxidation of the copper electrode surface, suggesting
enhanced adsorption capabilities.
This study is consistent with the superior flotation per-
formance of AIBTC. Multiple explanations and insights
were offered to elucidate the distinctions in the interactions
of AIBTC and IPETC with minerals. Future investigations
will concentrate on the adsorption mechanism of ligands
on minerals and characterize the interactions between
ligands and minerals in more detail.
REFERENCES
Basilio, C. (1989). Fundamental studies of thionocarba-
mate interactions with sulfide minerals. https://vtech-
works.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/54486.
Becker, M., Wiese, J., &Ramonotsi, M. (2014).
Investigation into the mineralogy and flotation per-
formance of oxidised PGM ore. Minerals Engineering,
65, 24–32. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.04.009.
Celante, V., &Freitas, M. (2009). Electrodeposition of
copper from spent Li-ion batteries by electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance and impedance spectros-
copy techniques. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,
40(2), 233–239. doi: 10.1007/s10800-009-9996-x.
Dawson, N. F. (2010). Experiences in the production of
metallurgical and chemical grade UG2 chromite con-
centrates from PGM tailings streams. Journal of the
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,
110(11), 683–690.
Fairthorne, G., Fornasiero, D., &Ralston, J. (1996).
Solution properties of thionocarbamate collectors.
International Journal of Mineral Processing, 46(1–2),
137–153. doi: 10.1016/0301-7516(95)00008-9.
Farinato, R. S., Nagaraj, D. R., Larkin, P., Lucas, J., &
Brinen, J. S. (1993). Spectroscopic, flotation and wet-
tability studies of alkyl and allyl thionocarbamates.
For presentation at the SME Annual Meeting Reno,
Nevada, February 15–18, 1993.
Han, G., Su, S., Huang, Y., Peng, W., Cao, Y., &Liu, J.
(2018). An Insight into Flotation Chemistry of Pyrite
with Isomeric Xanthates: A Combined Experimental
and Computational Study. Minerals, 8(4), 166. doi:
10.3390/min8040166.
Leppinen, J., Basilio, C., &Yoon, R. (1988). FTIR
study of thionocarbamate adsorption on sulfide
minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, 32, 113–125. doi:
10.1016/0166-6622(88)80008-8.
Leppinen, J., Basilio, C., &Yoon, R. (1988). FTIR
study of thionocarbamate adsorption on sulfide
minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, 32, 113–125. doi:
10.1016/0166-6622(88)80008-8.