ii
Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration Inc. (SME)
12999 E. Adam Aircraft Circle
Englewood, Colorado, USA 80112
(303) 948‑4200 /(800) 763‑3132
www.smenet.org
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration (SME) is a professional society whose more than 15,000 members rep‑
resent professionals serving the minerals industry in more than 100 countries. SME members include engineers, geologists,
metallurgists, educators, students, and researchers. SME advances the worldwide mining and underground construction
community through information exchange and professional development.
Copyright © 2024 Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME
nor its authors and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME
nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors and editors are supplying information but are
not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is
not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an
appropriate professional should be sought. Any statement or views presented here are those of the authors and are not nec‑
essarily those of SME. Authors assumed the responsibility to obtain permission to include a work or portion of work that
is copyrighted. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-0-87335-518-6
Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration Inc. (SME)
12999 E. Adam Aircraft Circle
Englewood, Colorado, USA 80112
(303) 948‑4200 /(800) 763‑3132
www.smenet.org
The Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration (SME) is a professional society whose more than 15,000 members rep‑
resent professionals serving the minerals industry in more than 100 countries. SME members include engineers, geologists,
metallurgists, educators, students, and researchers. SME advances the worldwide mining and underground construction
community through information exchange and professional development.
Copyright © 2024 Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME
nor its authors and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME
nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors and editors are supplying information but are
not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is
not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an
appropriate professional should be sought. Any statement or views presented here are those of the authors and are not nec‑
essarily those of SME. Authors assumed the responsibility to obtain permission to include a work or portion of work that
is copyrighted. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978-0-87335-518-6