1808 XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3
preconcentrated ore and roasting products, we found that
suspension oxidation roasting overcame the problem of
high acid consumption, high energy consumption, fluo-
rine-containing wastewater, and high impurity ion concen-
tration. Under the optimal conditions for both processes,
82.31% and 59.13% vanadium leaching efficiency were
obtained from suspension oxidation roasting-acid leaching
and direct acid leaching, respectively.
During suspension oxidation roasting, the lattice
structure of muscovite was destroyed by high temperature.
Dolomite in the thermal decomposition temperature of
high roasting temperature to CO2, MgO, and CaO. Thus,
it reduced acid consumption in the leaching process by
decomposing acid-consuming minerals. Meanwhile, dihy-
droxylation of muscovite caused the transformation of par-
ticles from dense structures to loose and porous structures.
Compared with the initial layered structure, the porous
structure (honeycomb-like) speeded up the diffusion rate
of the sulfuric acid from the outer edge to the inside of
the particles. It was conducive to H+ entering particles
internally and replacing V(V). Therefore, suspension oxi-
dation roasting-acid leaching is an efficient method with
fewer environmental problems and lower production costs.
It is most likely to be replaced by the traditional direct acid
leaching in industrial production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful for the financial support pro-
vided to this project by the National Key Research and
Development Program of China (No. 2020YFC1909704)
and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities (No. N2301017).
REFERENCES
Bai, Z., Han, Y., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., 2023.
Decarbonization kinetics for fluidized roasting of vana-
dium-bearing carbonaceous shale. Journal of Thermal
Analysis Calorimetry. 148, 6873–85.
Bai, Z., Han, Y., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Zhou, Z., 2022. Extraction
of vanadium from black shale by novel two-step fluid-
ized roasting process. Powder Technology. 408, 117745.
Gilligan, R., Nikoloski, A.N., 2020. The extraction of
vanadium from titanomagnetites and other sources.
Minerals Engineering. 146, 106106.
Haisch, T., Ji, H., Weidlich, C., 2020. Monitoring the
state of charge of all-vanadium redox flow batteries to
identify crossover of electrolyte. Electrochim Acta. 336,
135573.
Hu, P., Zhang, Y., 2021. Mechanism of vanadium selec-
tive separation from iron in shale under an environ-
mentally friendly oxalate ligand system. Separation and
Purification Technology. 276, 119269.
Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., Liu, T., 2012. Effects of the
mineral phase and valence of vanadium on vanadium
extraction from stone coal. International Journal of
Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 19, 893–98.
Li, H., Han, Y., Jin, J., Zhou, Z., 2021. New Insights into
the Penetration Depth of Sulfuric Acid and Leaching
Effect in the Sulfuric Acid Curing-Leaching Process
of Vanadium-Bearing Stone Coal. ACS Omega. 6,
17599–608.
Li, J., Zhang, Y., Du, D., Liu, Z., 2017. Improvements in
the decision making for Cleaner Production by data
mining: Case study of vanadium extraction industry
using weak acid leaching process. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 143, 582–97.
Li, M., Wei, C., Fan, G., Wu, H., Li, C., Li, X., 2010. Acid
leaching of black shale for the extraction of vanadium.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 95, 62–67.
Lin, H., Li, G., Dong, Y., Li, J., 2017. Effect of pH on
the release of heavy metals from stone coal waste rocks.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 165, 1–07.
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Hu, P., Liu, H.,
Zheng, Q., 2020. Separation and recovery of iron
impurities from a complex oxalic acid solution contain-
ing vanadium by K3Fe(C2O4)3·3H2O crystallization.
Separation and Purification Technology. 232, 115970.
Moskalyk, R.R., Alfantazi, A.M., 2003. Processing of vana-
dium: a review. Minerals Engineering. 16, 793–805.
Shifeng Dai, X.Z., 2017. Stone coal in China: a review.
International Geology Review. 60, 736–53.
Tang, Z., Zhou, Z., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Han, Y., Zhang, Y.,
2022. Vanadium extraction from stone coal using a
novel two-stage roasting technology. Fuel. 321, 124031.
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Huang, J., Zhao, J.,
Zhang, G., Liu, J., 2015. A mechanism of calcium
fluoride-enhanced vanadium leaching from stone coal.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 145, 87–93.
Wang, T., Xu, L., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., 2014. Calcified roast-
ing-acid leaching process of vanadium from low-grade
vanadium-containing stone coal. Chinese Journal of
Geochemistry. 33, 163–67.
Wen, J., Jiang, T., Zhou, M., Gao, H., Liu, J., Xue, X.,
2018. Roasting and leaching behaviors of vanadium
and chromium in calcification roasting–acid leaching
of high-chromium vanadium slag. International Journal
of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 25, 515–26.
preconcentrated ore and roasting products, we found that
suspension oxidation roasting overcame the problem of
high acid consumption, high energy consumption, fluo-
rine-containing wastewater, and high impurity ion concen-
tration. Under the optimal conditions for both processes,
82.31% and 59.13% vanadium leaching efficiency were
obtained from suspension oxidation roasting-acid leaching
and direct acid leaching, respectively.
During suspension oxidation roasting, the lattice
structure of muscovite was destroyed by high temperature.
Dolomite in the thermal decomposition temperature of
high roasting temperature to CO2, MgO, and CaO. Thus,
it reduced acid consumption in the leaching process by
decomposing acid-consuming minerals. Meanwhile, dihy-
droxylation of muscovite caused the transformation of par-
ticles from dense structures to loose and porous structures.
Compared with the initial layered structure, the porous
structure (honeycomb-like) speeded up the diffusion rate
of the sulfuric acid from the outer edge to the inside of
the particles. It was conducive to H+ entering particles
internally and replacing V(V). Therefore, suspension oxi-
dation roasting-acid leaching is an efficient method with
fewer environmental problems and lower production costs.
It is most likely to be replaced by the traditional direct acid
leaching in industrial production.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful for the financial support pro-
vided to this project by the National Key Research and
Development Program of China (No. 2020YFC1909704)
and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities (No. N2301017).
REFERENCES
Bai, Z., Han, Y., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., 2023.
Decarbonization kinetics for fluidized roasting of vana-
dium-bearing carbonaceous shale. Journal of Thermal
Analysis Calorimetry. 148, 6873–85.
Bai, Z., Han, Y., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Zhou, Z., 2022. Extraction
of vanadium from black shale by novel two-step fluid-
ized roasting process. Powder Technology. 408, 117745.
Gilligan, R., Nikoloski, A.N., 2020. The extraction of
vanadium from titanomagnetites and other sources.
Minerals Engineering. 146, 106106.
Haisch, T., Ji, H., Weidlich, C., 2020. Monitoring the
state of charge of all-vanadium redox flow batteries to
identify crossover of electrolyte. Electrochim Acta. 336,
135573.
Hu, P., Zhang, Y., 2021. Mechanism of vanadium selec-
tive separation from iron in shale under an environ-
mentally friendly oxalate ligand system. Separation and
Purification Technology. 276, 119269.
Hu, Y., Zhang, Y., Bao, S., Liu, T., 2012. Effects of the
mineral phase and valence of vanadium on vanadium
extraction from stone coal. International Journal of
Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 19, 893–98.
Li, H., Han, Y., Jin, J., Zhou, Z., 2021. New Insights into
the Penetration Depth of Sulfuric Acid and Leaching
Effect in the Sulfuric Acid Curing-Leaching Process
of Vanadium-Bearing Stone Coal. ACS Omega. 6,
17599–608.
Li, J., Zhang, Y., Du, D., Liu, Z., 2017. Improvements in
the decision making for Cleaner Production by data
mining: Case study of vanadium extraction industry
using weak acid leaching process. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 143, 582–97.
Li, M., Wei, C., Fan, G., Wu, H., Li, C., Li, X., 2010. Acid
leaching of black shale for the extraction of vanadium.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 95, 62–67.
Lin, H., Li, G., Dong, Y., Li, J., 2017. Effect of pH on
the release of heavy metals from stone coal waste rocks.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 165, 1–07.
Liu, Z., Huang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Hu, P., Liu, H.,
Zheng, Q., 2020. Separation and recovery of iron
impurities from a complex oxalic acid solution contain-
ing vanadium by K3Fe(C2O4)3·3H2O crystallization.
Separation and Purification Technology. 232, 115970.
Moskalyk, R.R., Alfantazi, A.M., 2003. Processing of vana-
dium: a review. Minerals Engineering. 16, 793–805.
Shifeng Dai, X.Z., 2017. Stone coal in China: a review.
International Geology Review. 60, 736–53.
Tang, Z., Zhou, Z., Jin, J., Sun, Y., Han, Y., Zhang, Y.,
2022. Vanadium extraction from stone coal using a
novel two-stage roasting technology. Fuel. 321, 124031.
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Huang, J., Zhao, J.,
Zhang, G., Liu, J., 2015. A mechanism of calcium
fluoride-enhanced vanadium leaching from stone coal.
International Journal of Mineral Processing. 145, 87–93.
Wang, T., Xu, L., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., 2014. Calcified roast-
ing-acid leaching process of vanadium from low-grade
vanadium-containing stone coal. Chinese Journal of
Geochemistry. 33, 163–67.
Wen, J., Jiang, T., Zhou, M., Gao, H., Liu, J., Xue, X.,
2018. Roasting and leaching behaviors of vanadium
and chromium in calcification roasting–acid leaching
of high-chromium vanadium slag. International Journal
of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials. 25, 515–26.