XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 1193
China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, and Uruguay. To take advantage their relatively
high specific gravity, heavy minerals are separated and
concentrated from the gangue by gravity concentration.
Monazite is then separated from other minerals by a series
of magnetic and electrostatic separations. Figure 5 shows a
flowsheet of beneficiation in Cable Sand Pty Ltd, Australia
to illustrate heavy minerals separation through physical
concentration (Houot, et al., 1991). Flowsheets utilized
depend on relative amounts of each mineral and the pos-
sible presence of other minerals. Hence, different heavy
minerals deposits require different flowsheets for effective
processing nonetheless the underlying principles of the
physical separations remain the same.
Physical methods of separation require relatively low
capital costs of installation and low operating costs how-
ever, they are very inefficient for small particle sizes. Hence,
froth flotation is also used to separate monazite from its
associated minerals.
Monazite Flotation
The literature on the flotation of monazite is relatively
scarce. Most of the available literature on the flotation of
monazite are focused on the separation of monazite from
its gangue minerals (Mushidi, 2016 and Mushidi and
Anderson, 2017) such as bastnaesite (J. Ren et al. 1999),
Zircon (Pavez and Peves, 1992 and 1994, Abeidu, 1972),
Xenotime (Cheng, 1999 and Cheng 1992), and rutile
(Pavez and Peves 1992). Sodium oleate, benzoic acid, potas-
sium octyl hydroxamate, and commercial hydroxamate
are used as monazite collectors. Potassium alum, sodium
silicate, sodium sulfide, sodium oxalate, and sodium meta-
silicate are used as gangue depressants. Very little is known
about the adsorption density and thermodynamics of the
adsorption of collectors on the surface of monazite. Hence,
such an investigation was part of the studies described.
Through a series of electrophoretic measurements,
micro flotation experiments, and bench scale experiments it
was found that monazite can be effectively separated from
Figure 4. Gakara proposed process flowsheet
China, India, Mozambique, New Zealand, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, and Uruguay. To take advantage their relatively
high specific gravity, heavy minerals are separated and
concentrated from the gangue by gravity concentration.
Monazite is then separated from other minerals by a series
of magnetic and electrostatic separations. Figure 5 shows a
flowsheet of beneficiation in Cable Sand Pty Ltd, Australia
to illustrate heavy minerals separation through physical
concentration (Houot, et al., 1991). Flowsheets utilized
depend on relative amounts of each mineral and the pos-
sible presence of other minerals. Hence, different heavy
minerals deposits require different flowsheets for effective
processing nonetheless the underlying principles of the
physical separations remain the same.
Physical methods of separation require relatively low
capital costs of installation and low operating costs how-
ever, they are very inefficient for small particle sizes. Hence,
froth flotation is also used to separate monazite from its
associated minerals.
Monazite Flotation
The literature on the flotation of monazite is relatively
scarce. Most of the available literature on the flotation of
monazite are focused on the separation of monazite from
its gangue minerals (Mushidi, 2016 and Mushidi and
Anderson, 2017) such as bastnaesite (J. Ren et al. 1999),
Zircon (Pavez and Peves, 1992 and 1994, Abeidu, 1972),
Xenotime (Cheng, 1999 and Cheng 1992), and rutile
(Pavez and Peves 1992). Sodium oleate, benzoic acid, potas-
sium octyl hydroxamate, and commercial hydroxamate
are used as monazite collectors. Potassium alum, sodium
silicate, sodium sulfide, sodium oxalate, and sodium meta-
silicate are used as gangue depressants. Very little is known
about the adsorption density and thermodynamics of the
adsorption of collectors on the surface of monazite. Hence,
such an investigation was part of the studies described.
Through a series of electrophoretic measurements,
micro flotation experiments, and bench scale experiments it
was found that monazite can be effectively separated from
Figure 4. Gakara proposed process flowsheet