XXXI International Mineral Processing Congress 2024 Proceedings/Washington, DC/Sep 29–Oct 3 1137
base. The camera recording the weight of the particles was
also switched on. The particles took around 0.5 s to reach
from the hopper exit to the collecting vessel. The mass dis-
charge data from the hopper were obtained for every 0.5 s
and were used to calculate the discharge curve for the par-
ticles exiting the hopper. The post-processing of the particle
flow video which was recorded from the high-speed video
camera was done using the MATLAB tool PIVLab-2.62
(Thielicke and Sonntag 2021) to obtain the flow fields. The
video was imported into the PIVlab, calibrated with the
known dimensions, and analyzed to get the flow-field vari-
ables. For the post-processing, 3000 frames recorded from
1 s to 2 s were used. The absolute velocity magnitude values
were obtained for the particle motion and were temporally
averaged. The experiments were then repeated thrice to
ensure the flow-patterns of the particle discharge and devia-
tions were also obtained.
DEM Simulations
The experimental results are validated by performing the
simulations using the in-house developed GPU based
DEM solver. For details on the DEM solver, readers can
refer to the published article from our research group,
Mittal, Mangadoddy, and Banerjee (2023). The discrete
element method (DEM) models the granular system as an
assemblage of distinct particles, with each particle’s motion
tracked in time and space using the Lagrangian approach. In
DEM, particles typically exchange momentum and energy
when they collide with neighboring particles or a bound-
ary wall. In a body-fixed coordinate system, the translation
Figure 1. (a) Schematics of the experimental set-up (b) Photron High Speed Video-
Camera with (c) the Pseudo-2D Hopper
Table 1. Properties of the particles used in the hopper study
S.No. Particle Properties Particle 1 Particle 2
1 Particle shape Sphere Cube
2 Particle type Plastic beads Acrylic
3 Particle sphericity 1 0.81
4 Particle size (mm) 6 5
5 Particle density 1293 1216
6 Single particle
volume (m3)
1.13 *10–4 1.96 *10–4
7 Aspect ratio 1 1
base. The camera recording the weight of the particles was
also switched on. The particles took around 0.5 s to reach
from the hopper exit to the collecting vessel. The mass dis-
charge data from the hopper were obtained for every 0.5 s
and were used to calculate the discharge curve for the par-
ticles exiting the hopper. The post-processing of the particle
flow video which was recorded from the high-speed video
camera was done using the MATLAB tool PIVLab-2.62
(Thielicke and Sonntag 2021) to obtain the flow fields. The
video was imported into the PIVlab, calibrated with the
known dimensions, and analyzed to get the flow-field vari-
ables. For the post-processing, 3000 frames recorded from
1 s to 2 s were used. The absolute velocity magnitude values
were obtained for the particle motion and were temporally
averaged. The experiments were then repeated thrice to
ensure the flow-patterns of the particle discharge and devia-
tions were also obtained.
DEM Simulations
The experimental results are validated by performing the
simulations using the in-house developed GPU based
DEM solver. For details on the DEM solver, readers can
refer to the published article from our research group,
Mittal, Mangadoddy, and Banerjee (2023). The discrete
element method (DEM) models the granular system as an
assemblage of distinct particles, with each particle’s motion
tracked in time and space using the Lagrangian approach. In
DEM, particles typically exchange momentum and energy
when they collide with neighboring particles or a bound-
ary wall. In a body-fixed coordinate system, the translation
Figure 1. (a) Schematics of the experimental set-up (b) Photron High Speed Video-
Camera with (c) the Pseudo-2D Hopper
Table 1. Properties of the particles used in the hopper study
S.No. Particle Properties Particle 1 Particle 2
1 Particle shape Sphere Cube
2 Particle type Plastic beads Acrylic
3 Particle sphericity 1 0.81
4 Particle size (mm) 6 5
5 Particle density 1293 1216
6 Single particle
volume (m3)
1.13 *10–4 1.96 *10–4
7 Aspect ratio 1 1