12
guidelines covering mill internals, speed, diameter, power
draw, feed sizing requirements and desired operating con-
ditions, much of it based on Canadian pilot plant testing
(Djingheuzian and Kinasevich, 1959). In “Fundamental
Considerations for Rock Grinding,” a paper written for
(but apparently not submitted to) the 1963 AIME annual
meeting, Bond mentions the need for large (5 or 6 inch)
steel ball addition, that is “semi-autogenous” grinding, to
address critical size (1 to 3") build up for practically all but
very soft ore processing. He suggested the option of coarse
screening of the large rocks to use as media, intermediate
size crushing, then grinding of the minus size fully autog-
enously with the large rocks.
He followed in May, 1963, Mining Engineering,
with “Rosario—Pioneer of Autogenous Grinding.” Bond
pointed out that Rosario, one of his previous employers,
had processed more than two million tons of silver ore with
autogenous milling from 1918 to early 1940’s. They ini-
tially used “rock-pebble” mills for fine grinding. When the
pebbles imported from Denmark or Normandy became
prohibitively expensive, they converted to the use of hand-
picked ore fragments, thus making these mills “full-autog-
enous.” By comparison of operating to estimated ore work
index, Bond concluded that they operated quite efficiently.
He pointed out that this early record of autogenous grind-
ing showed that the then current “new advancements” in
autogenous grinding was re-discovery of previous engineer-
ing knowledge.
Just before his retirement Bond wrote a very detailed
historical review which was published in Engineering and
Mining Journal, August, 1964, entitled “An Expert Reviews
the Design and Evolution of Early Autogenous Grinding
Systems.” In describing origins, Bond first covered the his-
tory of the very first rotary “tube mills,” as they were origi-
nally referred to, whether using pebbles or grinding balls.
He said that his investigations revealed that Rosario was
actually the fourth mining district to use autogenous mill-
ing, following other applications at the Geldenhius Deep
and Crows Deep mines on the Rand in South Africa, Santa
Gertrudis in Mexico, and Consolidated Goldfields and
Aurora Consolidated in Nevada, all gold milling operations.
The pioneer of primary autogenous grinding, without ques-
tion, Bond said, was A.D. Hadsel, who built and installed
the first unit at Beebe Gold. The Hardinge Company took
over its rights and installed many more, later developing air
sweeping and then adapting it for wet grinding as well. In
October, 1964, Bond sent a follow-up letter to the maga-
zine editor to explain that a reader, Charles F. Thompson,
of Mine and Smelter Supply Company, Denver, had con-
tacted and corrected him on the first rod mill installation,
which took place at Morenci concentrator of the Detroit
Copper Company in 1914, along with several others,
before the one Bond had listed as first by International
Nickel Company, near Sudbury, in 1928.
In December of 1963 Bond presented “Metal Wear
in Crushing and Grinding” at the Annual Meeting of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers. It was pub-
lished in Chemical Engineering Progress in February of 1964,
and in June, 1964, Engineering and Mining Journal as “Lab
Equipment and Tests Help Predict Metal Consumption in
Crushing and Grinding Units.” It provides a description
of the Allis-Chalmers abrasion tester, which was adapted
from the earlier Pennsylvania abrasion tester. It consists of a
rapidly rotating (SAE 4325 chrome-nickel-moly steel hard-
ened to 500 Brinell) paddle inside a 12" drum also rotat-
ing to shower 400 grams of ½” to ¾” particles in its path
for four periods of fifteen minutes. The weight loss of the
paddle is the abrasion index, Ai. Over 170 test results were
correlated with plant data for steel liner and media wear (in
mass per kWh) in wet rod mills, steel liner and media in wet
and dry ball mills, as well as liner wear of crushers. Abrasion
indices did not correlate with test work index values. Wear
of Ni-hard liners was excluded. No correlation coefficients
were discussed, but steel wear estimates are clearly approxi-
mate as both media sizing, other different wear materials,
and many other varying operating conditions are included
in the plant data.
In January of 1964 Bond attended the First Annual
Meeting of Canadian Gold Metallurgists in Ottawa where
he presented “Crushing and Grinding Calculations,” and
had further discussion recorded in the proceedings covering
several topics during the session on comminution. These
included abrasion and metal wear, recommended ball mill
speed, open versus closed-circuit grinding, plotting of
screen analyses, and power draw of pebble versus ball mills.
Bond completed his 34-year career, officially retiring
from Allis-Chalmers, on June 30, 1964.
Part 3. Post Allis-Chalmers, 1964–77
Bond was retained as a consultant, and worked exten-
sively for Allis-Chalmers throughout his retirement. On
their behalf in 1965 he traveled to Broken Hill Pty. Ltd.,
Whyalla, South Australia, and added a consulting visit to
Mt. Isa Mines on the same trip. On a second trip for Allis-
Chalmers in 1970, he supervised the Mount Gibson grind-
ing and concentration test work conducted at Australian
Metallurgical Development in Adelaide, then a govern-
ment facility. He also consulted for many non-competitors
of Allis-Chalmers, including Lithium Corp., Molybdenum
Corp., Cyanamid Ltd., Bechtel Corp., Colorado School
guidelines covering mill internals, speed, diameter, power
draw, feed sizing requirements and desired operating con-
ditions, much of it based on Canadian pilot plant testing
(Djingheuzian and Kinasevich, 1959). In “Fundamental
Considerations for Rock Grinding,” a paper written for
(but apparently not submitted to) the 1963 AIME annual
meeting, Bond mentions the need for large (5 or 6 inch)
steel ball addition, that is “semi-autogenous” grinding, to
address critical size (1 to 3") build up for practically all but
very soft ore processing. He suggested the option of coarse
screening of the large rocks to use as media, intermediate
size crushing, then grinding of the minus size fully autog-
enously with the large rocks.
He followed in May, 1963, Mining Engineering,
with “Rosario—Pioneer of Autogenous Grinding.” Bond
pointed out that Rosario, one of his previous employers,
had processed more than two million tons of silver ore with
autogenous milling from 1918 to early 1940’s. They ini-
tially used “rock-pebble” mills for fine grinding. When the
pebbles imported from Denmark or Normandy became
prohibitively expensive, they converted to the use of hand-
picked ore fragments, thus making these mills “full-autog-
enous.” By comparison of operating to estimated ore work
index, Bond concluded that they operated quite efficiently.
He pointed out that this early record of autogenous grind-
ing showed that the then current “new advancements” in
autogenous grinding was re-discovery of previous engineer-
ing knowledge.
Just before his retirement Bond wrote a very detailed
historical review which was published in Engineering and
Mining Journal, August, 1964, entitled “An Expert Reviews
the Design and Evolution of Early Autogenous Grinding
Systems.” In describing origins, Bond first covered the his-
tory of the very first rotary “tube mills,” as they were origi-
nally referred to, whether using pebbles or grinding balls.
He said that his investigations revealed that Rosario was
actually the fourth mining district to use autogenous mill-
ing, following other applications at the Geldenhius Deep
and Crows Deep mines on the Rand in South Africa, Santa
Gertrudis in Mexico, and Consolidated Goldfields and
Aurora Consolidated in Nevada, all gold milling operations.
The pioneer of primary autogenous grinding, without ques-
tion, Bond said, was A.D. Hadsel, who built and installed
the first unit at Beebe Gold. The Hardinge Company took
over its rights and installed many more, later developing air
sweeping and then adapting it for wet grinding as well. In
October, 1964, Bond sent a follow-up letter to the maga-
zine editor to explain that a reader, Charles F. Thompson,
of Mine and Smelter Supply Company, Denver, had con-
tacted and corrected him on the first rod mill installation,
which took place at Morenci concentrator of the Detroit
Copper Company in 1914, along with several others,
before the one Bond had listed as first by International
Nickel Company, near Sudbury, in 1928.
In December of 1963 Bond presented “Metal Wear
in Crushing and Grinding” at the Annual Meeting of the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers. It was pub-
lished in Chemical Engineering Progress in February of 1964,
and in June, 1964, Engineering and Mining Journal as “Lab
Equipment and Tests Help Predict Metal Consumption in
Crushing and Grinding Units.” It provides a description
of the Allis-Chalmers abrasion tester, which was adapted
from the earlier Pennsylvania abrasion tester. It consists of a
rapidly rotating (SAE 4325 chrome-nickel-moly steel hard-
ened to 500 Brinell) paddle inside a 12" drum also rotat-
ing to shower 400 grams of ½” to ¾” particles in its path
for four periods of fifteen minutes. The weight loss of the
paddle is the abrasion index, Ai. Over 170 test results were
correlated with plant data for steel liner and media wear (in
mass per kWh) in wet rod mills, steel liner and media in wet
and dry ball mills, as well as liner wear of crushers. Abrasion
indices did not correlate with test work index values. Wear
of Ni-hard liners was excluded. No correlation coefficients
were discussed, but steel wear estimates are clearly approxi-
mate as both media sizing, other different wear materials,
and many other varying operating conditions are included
in the plant data.
In January of 1964 Bond attended the First Annual
Meeting of Canadian Gold Metallurgists in Ottawa where
he presented “Crushing and Grinding Calculations,” and
had further discussion recorded in the proceedings covering
several topics during the session on comminution. These
included abrasion and metal wear, recommended ball mill
speed, open versus closed-circuit grinding, plotting of
screen analyses, and power draw of pebble versus ball mills.
Bond completed his 34-year career, officially retiring
from Allis-Chalmers, on June 30, 1964.
Part 3. Post Allis-Chalmers, 1964–77
Bond was retained as a consultant, and worked exten-
sively for Allis-Chalmers throughout his retirement. On
their behalf in 1965 he traveled to Broken Hill Pty. Ltd.,
Whyalla, South Australia, and added a consulting visit to
Mt. Isa Mines on the same trip. On a second trip for Allis-
Chalmers in 1970, he supervised the Mount Gibson grind-
ing and concentration test work conducted at Australian
Metallurgical Development in Adelaide, then a govern-
ment facility. He also consulted for many non-competitors
of Allis-Chalmers, including Lithium Corp., Molybdenum
Corp., Cyanamid Ltd., Bechtel Corp., Colorado School