9
upsidence is directly related to past mining and the dis-
turbance of the strata. This distinction is not clear for the
horizontal movements. However, examples have been given
where there is a clear trend in the horizontal movements as
a function of time. The interpretation of the recorded hori-
zontal movements requires further attention.
The third conclusion is that the long-term movement
can lead to new and/or additional damage to buildings and
infrastructure. New damage is caused by the sum of stresses
and strains stored in constructions by past movements and
loading, e.g., by the impact of the short-term subsidence
phase, and of the additional loading due to the long-term
movements (subsidence and upsidence). The impact of
horizontal movements above longwall panels is also a new
research topic, and as more and more data become avail-
able, this can lead to new insights. The final conclusion is
therefore that although much research has been done in the
past on surface movements above longwall mining, there
is still a need for further research to better understand this
complex phenomenon.
REFERENCES
Baglikow, V. 2011. Schadensrelevante Auswirkungen
des Grubenwasseranstiegs – Erkenntnisse aus dem
Erkelenzer Steinkohlenrevier. Markscheidewesen
118(2):10–16.
Bekendam, R.F., and Pöttgens, J.J. 1995. Ground move-
ments over the coal mines of southern Limburg,
The Netherlands, and their relation to rising mine
waters. In Proc. of the Fifth International Symposium
on Land Subsidence. The Hague, the Netherlands.
IAHS234:3–12.
Boscardin, M. D., and Cording, E. J. 1989. Building
Response to Excavation‐Induced Settlement.
J. Geotech. Engrg. 115 (1), 1–21. doi:10.1061/
(asce)0733–9410(1989)115:1(1)
Caro Cuenca, M., Hooper, A. J., and Hanssen, R. F.
2013. Surface deformation induced by water influx
in the abandoned coal mines in Limburg, The
Netherlands observed by satellite radar interferom-
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 8. Examples of damage to road surface, observed after the closure of the coal mines. a. Pictures b &c. On-going
vertical (b) and horizontal (c) surface movement during the period 2016–2021 (average, minimum and maximum values of
four neighboring data points)
upsidence is directly related to past mining and the dis-
turbance of the strata. This distinction is not clear for the
horizontal movements. However, examples have been given
where there is a clear trend in the horizontal movements as
a function of time. The interpretation of the recorded hori-
zontal movements requires further attention.
The third conclusion is that the long-term movement
can lead to new and/or additional damage to buildings and
infrastructure. New damage is caused by the sum of stresses
and strains stored in constructions by past movements and
loading, e.g., by the impact of the short-term subsidence
phase, and of the additional loading due to the long-term
movements (subsidence and upsidence). The impact of
horizontal movements above longwall panels is also a new
research topic, and as more and more data become avail-
able, this can lead to new insights. The final conclusion is
therefore that although much research has been done in the
past on surface movements above longwall mining, there
is still a need for further research to better understand this
complex phenomenon.
REFERENCES
Baglikow, V. 2011. Schadensrelevante Auswirkungen
des Grubenwasseranstiegs – Erkenntnisse aus dem
Erkelenzer Steinkohlenrevier. Markscheidewesen
118(2):10–16.
Bekendam, R.F., and Pöttgens, J.J. 1995. Ground move-
ments over the coal mines of southern Limburg,
The Netherlands, and their relation to rising mine
waters. In Proc. of the Fifth International Symposium
on Land Subsidence. The Hague, the Netherlands.
IAHS234:3–12.
Boscardin, M. D., and Cording, E. J. 1989. Building
Response to Excavation‐Induced Settlement.
J. Geotech. Engrg. 115 (1), 1–21. doi:10.1061/
(asce)0733–9410(1989)115:1(1)
Caro Cuenca, M., Hooper, A. J., and Hanssen, R. F.
2013. Surface deformation induced by water influx
in the abandoned coal mines in Limburg, The
Netherlands observed by satellite radar interferom-
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 8. Examples of damage to road surface, observed after the closure of the coal mines. a. Pictures b &c. On-going
vertical (b) and horizontal (c) surface movement during the period 2016–2021 (average, minimum and maximum values of
four neighboring data points)