11
the soil. Water moves from a higher potential energy to a
low potential energy in unsaturated soil. When soil gets
attracted to water, this attraction is carried on to surround-
ing grains. From the result of the laboratory experiments, it
is apparent that the movement of water depends very much
on the permeability of the soil.
5.3 Recommendation for future work
This study has used an ultraviolet-sensitive dye, night mode,
and a high-resolution camera to study water movement
through the soil. To improve results using this method, it
would be beneficial to use a high-resolution video camera
again and study seepage by frame-by-frame and seconds
analysis. Besides, different soil material layers should be
used for slope stability analysis to ascertain the failure of
such materials. Moreover, instruments such as piezometers
and inclinometers should be used to improve results on
slope movement during monitoring.
REFERENCES
[1] Anderson, S. A., and Thallapally, L. K. (1996),
“Hydrologic response of a steep tropical slope on
heavy rainfall.” Proc., 7th Int. Symposium On
Landslides, Balkema, Rotterdam,The Netherlands,
Vol. 3, 1489–1495.
[2] Cai.F and Ugai, K. (2004). “Numerical analysis
of rainfall effects on slope stability. “International
Journal of Geomechanics, 4(2), 69-78.
[3] Cho, S. E. (2009). “Infiltration analysis to evaluate
the surficial stability of two-layered slopes consider-
ing rainfall characteristics. “Engineering Geology,
105, 32-43.
[4] Chin-Chuan H, Chien-Li L. (2013) simulation of
subsurface flows associated with rainfall-induced
shallow slope failures
[5] Eckersley, D. (1990). Instrumented laboratory flow
slides. Geotechnique 40(3), pp. 489-502
[6] Fannin, R.J., and Jaakkola, J. (1999). “Hydrological
response of hillslope soils above a debris slide heads-
carp.” Can. Geotech. J., 36, 1111–1122.
[7] Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. 1993. Soil
Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils. New York, N.Y John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[8] Gerscovich, D. M. S., Vargas, E. A., and de Campos,
T. M. P. (2006). The evaluation of unsaturated flow in
a natural slope in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Engineering
Geology, 88, 23-40.
[9] G.W. Jia, Tony L.T. Zhan, Y.M. Chen, D.G. Fredlund
(2009) Performance of a large-scale slope model sub-
jected to rising and lowering water levels
[10] Johnson, K. A., and Sitar, N. (1990). Hydrologic
conditions leading to debris flow initiation. Can.
Geotech. J., 27_6_, 789–801.
[11] Kim, J., Jeong, S., Park, S., and Sharma, J. (2004).
“Influence of rainfall-induced wetting on the stability
of slopes in weathered soils.” Engineering Geology,
75, 251-262.
[12] Martin, T.E. and E.C. McRoberts 1999. Some con-
siderations of the stability analysis of upstream tail-
ings dams. Proceedings, Tailings and Mine Waste’99,
Fort Collins, Colorado
[13] Mitchell J.K (2005) Components of pore water pres-
sure and their engineering significance.
[14] Montrasio, L., Valentino, R., and Losi, G. L. (2009).
“Rainfall induced shallow landslides: A model for
the triggering mechanism of some case studies in
Northern Italy.” Landslides, 6, 241-251.
[15] Rahardjo, H. _1999_. “The effect of rainfall on the
slope stability of residual soil in Singapore.” Report
Research Project, Nanyang Technological University,
Jurong, Singapore.
[16] Rahimi, A., Rahardjo, H., and Leong, E. C. (2010).
“Effect of hydraulic properties of soil on rainfall-
induced slope failure.” Engineering Geology, 114,
135-143.
[17] Spence K.J and Guymer I.1997. Small scale Laboratory
flow slides. Geotechnique 47:915-932 Totonchi, A.,
Askari, F. &Farzaneh, O. (2012). 3D stability analy-
sis of concave slopes in plan view using linear finite
element and lower bound method. Iranian Journal
of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil
Engineering, Vol. 36, No. C2, pp. 181-194.
[18] Tu, X. B., Kwong, A. K. L., Dai, F. C., Tham, L.
G., and Min, H. (2009). “Field monitoring of rain-
fall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of fail-
ure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides.”
Engineering Geology, 105, 134-150.
[19] Tadepalli, R., Rahardjo, H., Fredlund, D.G., 1992.
Measurements of matric suction and volume changes
during inundation of collapsible soils. Geotechnical
Testing Journal, ASTM, 15 (2), 115–122.
[20] Chen,Qun and Zhang L.M.” Three-dimensional
analysis of water infiltration into the Gouhou rockfill
dam using saturated– unsaturated seepage theory”
the soil. Water moves from a higher potential energy to a
low potential energy in unsaturated soil. When soil gets
attracted to water, this attraction is carried on to surround-
ing grains. From the result of the laboratory experiments, it
is apparent that the movement of water depends very much
on the permeability of the soil.
5.3 Recommendation for future work
This study has used an ultraviolet-sensitive dye, night mode,
and a high-resolution camera to study water movement
through the soil. To improve results using this method, it
would be beneficial to use a high-resolution video camera
again and study seepage by frame-by-frame and seconds
analysis. Besides, different soil material layers should be
used for slope stability analysis to ascertain the failure of
such materials. Moreover, instruments such as piezometers
and inclinometers should be used to improve results on
slope movement during monitoring.
REFERENCES
[1] Anderson, S. A., and Thallapally, L. K. (1996),
“Hydrologic response of a steep tropical slope on
heavy rainfall.” Proc., 7th Int. Symposium On
Landslides, Balkema, Rotterdam,The Netherlands,
Vol. 3, 1489–1495.
[2] Cai.F and Ugai, K. (2004). “Numerical analysis
of rainfall effects on slope stability. “International
Journal of Geomechanics, 4(2), 69-78.
[3] Cho, S. E. (2009). “Infiltration analysis to evaluate
the surficial stability of two-layered slopes consider-
ing rainfall characteristics. “Engineering Geology,
105, 32-43.
[4] Chin-Chuan H, Chien-Li L. (2013) simulation of
subsurface flows associated with rainfall-induced
shallow slope failures
[5] Eckersley, D. (1990). Instrumented laboratory flow
slides. Geotechnique 40(3), pp. 489-502
[6] Fannin, R.J., and Jaakkola, J. (1999). “Hydrological
response of hillslope soils above a debris slide heads-
carp.” Can. Geotech. J., 36, 1111–1122.
[7] Fredlund, D. G., and Rahardjo, H. 1993. Soil
Mechanics of Unsaturated Soils. New York, N.Y John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[8] Gerscovich, D. M. S., Vargas, E. A., and de Campos,
T. M. P. (2006). The evaluation of unsaturated flow in
a natural slope in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Engineering
Geology, 88, 23-40.
[9] G.W. Jia, Tony L.T. Zhan, Y.M. Chen, D.G. Fredlund
(2009) Performance of a large-scale slope model sub-
jected to rising and lowering water levels
[10] Johnson, K. A., and Sitar, N. (1990). Hydrologic
conditions leading to debris flow initiation. Can.
Geotech. J., 27_6_, 789–801.
[11] Kim, J., Jeong, S., Park, S., and Sharma, J. (2004).
“Influence of rainfall-induced wetting on the stability
of slopes in weathered soils.” Engineering Geology,
75, 251-262.
[12] Martin, T.E. and E.C. McRoberts 1999. Some con-
siderations of the stability analysis of upstream tail-
ings dams. Proceedings, Tailings and Mine Waste’99,
Fort Collins, Colorado
[13] Mitchell J.K (2005) Components of pore water pres-
sure and their engineering significance.
[14] Montrasio, L., Valentino, R., and Losi, G. L. (2009).
“Rainfall induced shallow landslides: A model for
the triggering mechanism of some case studies in
Northern Italy.” Landslides, 6, 241-251.
[15] Rahardjo, H. _1999_. “The effect of rainfall on the
slope stability of residual soil in Singapore.” Report
Research Project, Nanyang Technological University,
Jurong, Singapore.
[16] Rahimi, A., Rahardjo, H., and Leong, E. C. (2010).
“Effect of hydraulic properties of soil on rainfall-
induced slope failure.” Engineering Geology, 114,
135-143.
[17] Spence K.J and Guymer I.1997. Small scale Laboratory
flow slides. Geotechnique 47:915-932 Totonchi, A.,
Askari, F. &Farzaneh, O. (2012). 3D stability analy-
sis of concave slopes in plan view using linear finite
element and lower bound method. Iranian Journal
of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil
Engineering, Vol. 36, No. C2, pp. 181-194.
[18] Tu, X. B., Kwong, A. K. L., Dai, F. C., Tham, L.
G., and Min, H. (2009). “Field monitoring of rain-
fall infiltration in a loess slope and analysis of fail-
ure mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides.”
Engineering Geology, 105, 134-150.
[19] Tadepalli, R., Rahardjo, H., Fredlund, D.G., 1992.
Measurements of matric suction and volume changes
during inundation of collapsible soils. Geotechnical
Testing Journal, ASTM, 15 (2), 115–122.
[20] Chen,Qun and Zhang L.M.” Three-dimensional
analysis of water infiltration into the Gouhou rockfill
dam using saturated– unsaturated seepage theory”