MINEXCHANGE 2024 Preprints Page 10 (281 of 800)

10
S., Ed. World Scientific Publishing Co.: Hackensack,
NJ, 2019 Vol. 5, pp. 85–101.
[20] Kelley, K.D. Huston, D.L. Peter, J.M. SGA News.
March 2021, pp. 1–5.
[21] Doulgeridou, A. Amlund, H. Sloth, J.J. Hansen,
M. Review of Potentially Toxic Rare Earth Elements,
Thallium and Tellurium in Plant-Based Foods. EFSA
Journal 2020, 18, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.e181101.
[22] Li, Z. Qiu, F. Tian, Q. Yue, X. Zhang, T.
Production and Recovery of Tellurium from
Metallurgical Intermediates and Electronic WasteA
Comprehensive Review. J Clean Prod 2022, 366,
132796, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.132796.
[23] Moats, M. Alagha, L. Awuah-Offei, K. Towards
Resilient and Sustainable Supply of Critical Elements
from the Copper Supply Chain: A Review. J Clean
Prod 2021, 307.
[24] Goldfarb, R.J. Berger, B.R. George, M.W. Seal II,
R.R. Tellurium US Geological Survey, 2017
[25] Wang, S. Tellurium, Its Resourcefulness and Recovery.
JOM 2011, 63.
[26] Corchado-Albelo, J. Alagha, L. Characterization
of Tellurium, Gold, and Silver Minerals in Copper
Porphyry Processing Streams. In Proceedings of the
Minexchange SME 2023 Conference Denver, CO,
March 1 2023.
[27] Hrstka, T. Gottlieb, P. Skála, R. Breiter, K. Motl, D.
Automated Mineralogy and Petrology – Applications
of TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA).
Journal of Geosciences (Czech Republic) 2018, 63,
doi:10.3190/jgeosci.250.
[28] Corchado-Albelo, J.L. Alagha, L. Studies on the
Enrichment Feasibility of Rare Earth-Bearing
Minerals in Mine Tailings. Minerals 2023, 13, 301.
[29] Actlabs Geochemistry Schedule of Services &Fees
2023 International. 2023, 9–11.
[30] Yan, D.S. Hariyasa Selective Flotation of Pyrite and
Gold Tellurides. Miner Eng 1997, 10, doi:10.1016/
s0892-6875(97)00012-5.
[31] Yang, W. Wang, G. Wang, Q. Dong, P. Cao, H.
Zhang, K. Comprehensive Recovery Technology for
Te, Au, and Ag from a Telluride-Type Refractory Gold
Mine. Minerals 2019, 9, doi:10.3390/min9100597.
[32] Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Richmond, W. Wang,
H.P. Processing Technologies for Gold-Telluride
Ores. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy
and Materials 2010, 17, 1–10, doi:10.1007/
s12613010-0101-6.
[33] Steadman, J.A. Large, R.R. Olin, P.H.
Danyushevsky, L. V. Meffre, S. Huston, D. Fabris,
A. Lisitsin, V. Wells, T. Pyrite Trace Element
Behavior in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Environments:
An LA-ICPMS Imaging Study. Ore Geol Rev 2021,
128.
[34] Yano, R.I. Trace Element Distribution in
Chalcopyrite-Bearing Porphyry and Skarn Deposits.
Master’s Thesis, Reno, USA, University of Nevada 2012.

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MINEXCHANGE 2024 Preprints resources

Download PDF Enrichment Feasibility of Tellurium, Gold, and Silver from Copper Tailings (11)

Extracted Text (may have errors)

10
S., Ed. World Scientific Publishing Co.: Hackensack,
NJ, 2019 Vol. 5, pp. 85–101.
[20] Kelley, K.D. Huston, D.L. Peter, J.M. SGA News.
March 2021, pp. 1–5.
[21] Doulgeridou, A. Amlund, H. Sloth, J.J. Hansen,
M. Review of Potentially Toxic Rare Earth Elements,
Thallium and Tellurium in Plant-Based Foods. EFSA
Journal 2020, 18, doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.e181101.
[22] Li, Z. Qiu, F. Tian, Q. Yue, X. Zhang, T.
Production and Recovery of Tellurium from
Metallurgical Intermediates and Electronic WasteA
Comprehensive Review. J Clean Prod 2022, 366,
132796, doi:10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2022.132796.
[23] Moats, M. Alagha, L. Awuah-Offei, K. Towards
Resilient and Sustainable Supply of Critical Elements
from the Copper Supply Chain: A Review. J Clean
Prod 2021, 307.
[24] Goldfarb, R.J. Berger, B.R. George, M.W. Seal II,
R.R. Tellurium US Geological Survey, 2017
[25] Wang, S. Tellurium, Its Resourcefulness and Recovery.
JOM 2011, 63.
[26] Corchado-Albelo, J. Alagha, L. Characterization
of Tellurium, Gold, and Silver Minerals in Copper
Porphyry Processing Streams. In Proceedings of the
Minexchange SME 2023 Conference Denver, CO,
March 1 2023.
[27] Hrstka, T. Gottlieb, P. Skála, R. Breiter, K. Motl, D.
Automated Mineralogy and Petrology – Applications
of TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA).
Journal of Geosciences (Czech Republic) 2018, 63,
doi:10.3190/jgeosci.250.
[28] Corchado-Albelo, J.L. Alagha, L. Studies on the
Enrichment Feasibility of Rare Earth-Bearing
Minerals in Mine Tailings. Minerals 2023, 13, 301.
[29] Actlabs Geochemistry Schedule of Services &Fees
2023 International. 2023, 9–11.
[30] Yan, D.S. Hariyasa Selective Flotation of Pyrite and
Gold Tellurides. Miner Eng 1997, 10, doi:10.1016/
s0892-6875(97)00012-5.
[31] Yang, W. Wang, G. Wang, Q. Dong, P. Cao, H.
Zhang, K. Comprehensive Recovery Technology for
Te, Au, and Ag from a Telluride-Type Refractory Gold
Mine. Minerals 2019, 9, doi:10.3390/min9100597.
[32] Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Richmond, W. Wang,
H.P. Processing Technologies for Gold-Telluride
Ores. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy
and Materials 2010, 17, 1–10, doi:10.1007/
s12613010-0101-6.
[33] Steadman, J.A. Large, R.R. Olin, P.H.
Danyushevsky, L. V. Meffre, S. Huston, D. Fabris,
A. Lisitsin, V. Wells, T. Pyrite Trace Element
Behavior in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Environments:
An LA-ICPMS Imaging Study. Ore Geol Rev 2021,
128.
[34] Yano, R.I. Trace Element Distribution in
Chalcopyrite-Bearing Porphyry and Skarn Deposits.
Master’s Thesis, Reno, USA, University of Nevada 2012.

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1
24-036
Estimating Air Blast Velocity Using Optical Flow Algorithm
Vasu Gangrade
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, Pittsburgh, PA
ABSTRACT
Large-opening underground stone mines pose significant
ground control challenges, including the risk of massive
pillar collapses. These collapses can result in dangerous air
blasts characterized by tremendous force and high velocity.
Estimating the velocity of these air blasts proves challenging
due to the absence of accurate air velocity instruments near
the mine portals. To address this issue, this paper proposes a
novel approach that leverages closed-circuit television cam-
era footage from the mine. Specifically, it employs the opti-
cal flow algorithm implemented in Python to estimate the
velocity of the air blasts, providing a valuable tool for assess-
ing and mitigating risks in such mining environments.
INTRODUCTION
Underground limestone mines are generally mined using
the room-and-pillar method. As the name suggests, the
method involves forming a grid-like pattern of entries and
crosscuts underground, and the stone deposit is divided
into a series of pillars, which are left standing to support
the roof of the mine. The method is specially challenging
in stone mines as the entry sizes are very large ranging from
40–50 ft wide and 30–40 ft high entries. In addition to the
entries, the underground stone mines also use benching.
Benching involves further excavating the floor of the entries
which increases the development height to 90–100 ft
(Figure 1). Therefore, benching creates tall slender pillars in
the underground stone mines which are high, but less wide
(Figure 2). These pillars often form an hourglass shape and
can collapse if the pillar cannot take the weight of the roof
(Mark and Rumbaugh, 2022).
A pillar collapse happens when an array of pillars fails
suddenly. Pillar collapses can occur with very little warning
and can affect miners far away from the collapse (MSHA,
2023). Several factors can contribute to a pillar collapse,
including excessive mining of adjacent rooms leading to
increased stress on the pillars, geological faults or weak-
nesses in the surrounding rock, changes in the stress dis-
tribution within the mine due to excavation activities or
subsurface factors, and inadequate pillar design or insuf-
ficient pillar size for the load they are supporting.
Pillar collapse in underground stone mines presents
a grave safety concern, as it endangers the lives of miners
working not just in the affected area but everywhere near
the mine. The sudden failure of support pillars can lead
to catastrophic events, including roof collapses and falling
debris, placing miners at immediate risk from the ground
control event. The pillar collapse also leads to the formation
of an air blast.
Figure 1. Typical large-opening stone mine with benching

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MINEXCHANGE 2024 Preprints resources

Extracted Text (may have errors)

1
24-036
Estimating Air Blast Velocity Using Optical Flow Algorithm
Vasu Gangrade
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, Pittsburgh, PA
ABSTRACT
Large-opening underground stone mines pose significant
ground control challenges, including the risk of massive
pillar collapses. These collapses can result in dangerous air
blasts characterized by tremendous force and high velocity.
Estimating the velocity of these air blasts proves challenging
due to the absence of accurate air velocity instruments near
the mine portals. To address this issue, this paper proposes a
novel approach that leverages closed-circuit television cam-
era footage from the mine. Specifically, it employs the opti-
cal flow algorithm implemented in Python to estimate the
velocity of the air blasts, providing a valuable tool for assess-
ing and mitigating risks in such mining environments.
INTRODUCTION
Underground limestone mines are generally mined using
the room-and-pillar method. As the name suggests, the
method involves forming a grid-like pattern of entries and
crosscuts underground, and the stone deposit is divided
into a series of pillars, which are left standing to support
the roof of the mine. The method is specially challenging
in stone mines as the entry sizes are very large ranging from
40–50 ft wide and 30–40 ft high entries. In addition to the
entries, the underground stone mines also use benching.
Benching involves further excavating the floor of the entries
which increases the development height to 90–100 ft
(Figure 1). Therefore, benching creates tall slender pillars in
the underground stone mines which are high, but less wide
(Figure 2). These pillars often form an hourglass shape and
can collapse if the pillar cannot take the weight of the roof
(Mark and Rumbaugh, 2022).
A pillar collapse happens when an array of pillars fails
suddenly. Pillar collapses can occur with very little warning
and can affect miners far away from the collapse (MSHA,
2023). Several factors can contribute to a pillar collapse,
including excessive mining of adjacent rooms leading to
increased stress on the pillars, geological faults or weak-
nesses in the surrounding rock, changes in the stress dis-
tribution within the mine due to excavation activities or
subsurface factors, and inadequate pillar design or insuf-
ficient pillar size for the load they are supporting.
Pillar collapse in underground stone mines presents
a grave safety concern, as it endangers the lives of miners
working not just in the affected area but everywhere near
the mine. The sudden failure of support pillars can lead
to catastrophic events, including roof collapses and falling
debris, placing miners at immediate risk from the ground
control event. The pillar collapse also leads to the formation
of an air blast.
Figure 1. Typical large-opening stone mine with benching

9
CONCLUSIONS
The research into the enrichment feasibility of gold- and
silver-tellurides from copper tailings has yielded promising
results. The study addressed the growing demand for tel-
lurium (Te), a critical element for solar energy technolo-
gies, by enhancing its recovery from existing supply chains
by reprocessing copper tailings (CT). Baseline flotation
experiments identified specific reagent combinations that
achieved significant recoveries for Te, Au, and Ag, showing
the potential to recover these valuable elements from cop-
per tailings efficiently. Combining gravity separation (GS)
and froth flotation experiments significantly improved the
enrichment of Fe, Cu, and S (representative of pyrite and
chalcopyrite in CT), transforming previously discarded
materials into valuable resources. However, further opti-
mization is suggested by the authors to increase valuables’
overall recovery in the combined GS and froth flotation
process.
These findings offer a promising outlook for addressing
the increasing demand for critical minerals in sustainable
energy production and various industries. Future research
should optimize the process and scale it up for pilot-scale
testing. This could be a turning point in the standard prac-
tices of efficiently recovering Te and other critical minerals.
The feasibility of scaling up the process should be studied
via a techno-economic analysis to understand the impact
that recovering Au and Ag with Te has on the financial scal-
ing-up costs for the process.
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Mineral Resources for India’s Manufacturing Sector
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[2] Nakano, J. The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals Supply
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[3] Kwarteng, K. Resilience for the Future: The UK’s
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[5] Wilkinson, J. Champagne, F.-P. The Canadian
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G.W. Mauk, J.L. Hammarstrom, J.M. DayWarren
C. Seal, R.R. SME. 2021, pp. 32–47.
[14] DOE Critical Materials Strategy. 2010, 1–166.
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of U.S. Foreign Reliance on Critical Minerals—U.S.
Geological Survey Technical Input Document in Response
to Executive Order No. 13953 Signed September 30,
2020 2020
[17] Parthemore, C. Elements of Security: Mitigating the
Risks of U.S. Dependence on Critical Minerals 2011
[18] Moss, Ray.L. Tzimas, E. Willis, P. Arenderof, J.
Thompson, P. Chapman, A. Morley, N. Sims, E.
Bryson, R. Pearson, J. et al. Critical Metals in the
Path towards the Decarbonisation of the EU Energy
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2013 ISBN 9789279303906.
[19] Peck, D. A Historical Perspective of Critical Materials,
1939 to 2006. In Critical Materials: Underlying Causes
and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies Erik Offerman,

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