Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration (SME)
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SME advances the worldwide mining and underground construction community through information exchange and
professional development.
Copyright © 2024 Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME
nor its authors and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME
nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors and editors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. Any statement or views presented herein are those of indi‑
vidual authors and editors and are not necessarily those of SME. The mention of trade names for commercial products does
not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
12999 E. Adam Aircraft Circle
Englewood, Colorado, USA 80112
(303) 948‑4200 /(800) 763‑3132
www.smenet.org
SME advances the worldwide mining and underground construction community through information exchange and
professional development.
Copyright © 2024 Society for Mining, Metallurgy &Exploration Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME
nor its authors and editors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME
nor its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information.
This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors and editors are supplying information but are not
attempting to render engineering or other professional services. Any statement or views presented herein are those of indi‑
vidual authors and editors and are not necessarily those of SME. The mention of trade names for commercial products does
not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.